Li-Ning, NIKE and Adidas to Compete in China''''s Sports Goods Industry

ThoughNikeranksfirstontheWorldsportsgoodsmarket,there'snoneedforustodevelopinNIKE'sway",saystheLi-NingcompanyTheNIKEcompanyhasrevealedthatitsstrategyinChinathisyearhasbeenadjusted,anditsmainopponentisnolongerAdidas,butLi-Ning.NIKEstoppedallitsactivitiesafterthesetbackinlaunchingproductspricedbetweenRMB100andRMB400inChina.AdidaslauncheditsstreetbasketballshoesinBeijing,Shanghaiandothercities.Li-Ningannouncedthatthefirstforeignsportsteam,theFrenchgymnasticteam,wouldwearLi-Ninggymsui…     

Red, White, and "Big Blue": IBM and the Business-Government Interface in the United States, 1956-2000

This article describes the evolution of IBM's effort to manageits relationships with the U.S. government from the time thatThomas Watson, Jr. became CEO. While the Watson family controlledthe firm, the family members served as the main bridges betweenIBM and the government. This personalized approach began togive way in the 1960s, as the intensity and scope of pressurefrom the firm's political environment grew beyond the capabilityof any individual to handle. During the 1970s and 1980s, IBMconstructed a managerial hierarchy, with a newly opened Washingtonoffice at its center, which could gather more detailed intelligenceand execute more sophisticated political strategies. The firm'scrisis in the early 1990s provoked a second major restructuringof the interface, as IBM became more of a Washington "specialinterest." Yet, some traces of the Watson imprint remained,even in the Gerstner era. Tracing IBM's evolution helps us tounderstand better the broader interactions between U.S. firmsand their environments in this period. These interactions entailedadaptation by firms to environmental change but also effortsby firms to exert control over external forces, including publicpolicy.     

Different Positive Feelings Leading to Different Ad Evaluations: The Case of Coziness,Excitement, and Romance

The ubiquitous nature of cell phones makes them an ideal advertising vehicle. While the popular press touts the benefits of wireless advertising messages (WAM), few marketing researchers have addressed this advertising innovation. Media uses and gratifications theory is used to study consumers' perceptions of WAM. Data from in-depth interviews indicate that usage is motivated by process, socialization, and content needs. Informants perceived WAM as a way to stay "in the know," build relationships with companies, and feel part of an "in-group." Few would pay for WAM, however, and most would discontinue usage if companies sent unsolicited messages. We theorize about two potential barriers to adoption: social costs and monetary costs. Our interpretations of these behaviors are enfolded with theoretical and managerial implications.     

政府扶植、产业规模与区域科技创新--以浙江省为例

本文考察区域科技创新水平及其宏观影响因素,实证检验政府扶植与高科技产业自身的发展对提升科技创新效率的作用机制。研究结果发现,在控制区域经济发展水平、贸易开放水平、金融发展水平和产业结构等因素后,政府扶持对区域科技创新效率的影响存在显著负效应,而行业自身发展则表现出显著的正向促进作用。     

创新、创业与居民消费倾向

本文运用空间计量经济模型,分析创新、创业对城乡居民消费倾向的影响.实证研究结果表明,创新和创业水平的提高有效促进了城镇居民消费倾向的提升,对农村居民消费倾向的促进作用并不明显甚至具有抑制作用.发明专利对城乡居民消费倾向的促进作用最为显著.据此,实施创新驱动发展战略、培育经济增长新动力,应更加关注重大社会需求,鼓励原始创新、民生型创新和普惠型创新,支持创新型创业,使创新和创业成果有效拉动城乡居民的消费需求.     

Introduction to "Entrepreneurship and the Demography of Firms and Industries", Special Issue

Small Business Economics -     

Welfare to Well‐Being Framework for Research,Education, and Outreach

The proposed framework is intended to serve as a model for understanding the comprehensiveness of welfare assistance policies that contribute to the economic well‐being of individuals and families. The framework uses a systems approach to move thinking from a narrow focus on welfare assistance as welfare for the few to well‐being of the many. Such an approach provides a new way to understand policies and language related to welfare reform.     

Gender, Exposure to Tax Knowledge, and Attitudes Towards Taxation; An Experimental Approach

This study reports findings of gender differences in tax attitude changes influenced by better tax knowledge. Male students are more exposed to tax knowledge in a way that makes them reconsider more easily their attitudes towards their own tax evasion, i.e. tax ethics, than their female peers. Male students get a significantly stricter attitude towards their own tax evasion. On the other hand, female students are more exposed to tax knowledge in a way that makes them reconsider their attitude towards other people's tax evasion than their male peers, i.e. they get a significantly stricter attitude towards others tax evasion. Improved tax knowledge significantly changed both male and female students attitude towards the fairness of the tax system, i.e. they considered the tax system to be more fair. Implications for ethical behaviour of taxpayers are highlighted.     

Sales associate's appearance: Links to consumers’ emotions, store image, and purchases

Within the context of S–O–R framework, we examined whether consumers linked aspects of sales associate's appearance to their emotions, to the store's image, and to their purchases. Data was collected from undergraduates (n=65). Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire immediately after completing a shopping trip for apparel, shoes, or accessories in a specialty or department store. Participants noted being influenced by associate's appearance as reflected in their appearance-oriented comments and their evaluative comments. Associate appearance cues referenced by participants varied depending on whether participants were asked about their emotions, store image, or their purchases.     

贸易开放、外国直接投资优惠与我国地区的经济增长——基于大国经济的视角

自1992年开始,我国进口关税水平开始大幅度减让,贸易和外国直接投资的全方位开放格局逐渐形成。本文从地理位置上将我国划分为东、中、西三个地区,探求贸易和外国直接投资在这三个地区的影响及影响的地区差异。研究结论表明开放有利于知识的积累和经济的增长,但关税减让作用在东部地区最为明显,以开发区为平台的外国直接投资优惠政策的作用在中部地区最为明显。     

Cross‐cultural evaluation of factors driving intention to purchase new food products – Beijing,China and south‐east England

It has been reported that consumers in different countries have distinctive perceptions of, and attitudes to, products. This study investigated consumers’ thoughts on new food products in south‐east England (n = 222) and Beijing, China (n = 139), using a questionnaire‐based largely on the Theory of Reasoned Action. Results indicated that consumers in both countries believe it is necessary for the food industry in their respective countries to introduce new food products and they would like to try new products. There appears to be great interest in new products among the Beijing Chinese, with most interest in new healthy food products. The influences on choices suggest that a marketing focus on quality, utility and health benefits would be most fruitful, as personal beliefs were more important in intention to purchase than the influence of other people. Results point away from the expected result that the Chinese, as a collectivist culture, would place more emphasis on others’ opinions than their own beliefs. This may be linked to food not being an item of conspicuous consumption, or to a cultural shift among urban Chinese.