Choosing Your Object of Benevolence: A Field Experiment on Donation Options*

In a large natural field experiment, we explore the effect of providing donors with the opportunity of choosing the target country for their donations. We find that our treatment manipulation affects neither the average donation size nor the response rate. Only a small fraction of donors (3.5 percent) actually choose their object of benevolence. These donors give more than those who do not specify a recipient. However, based on previous donations, we can only provide indicative evidence that this might be a causal effect rather than a mere selection effect.     

Informal Employment and the Structure of Wages in India: A Review of Trends

The “alternative”, “atypical” or “informal” workforce has grown in developed and developing countries alike. One of the more recent evolutions of informal employment has been of informal employment within formal enterprises. In the interest of flexibility and cost‐reduction, many formal firms increasingly resort to hiring workers on a temporary or informal basis. Alongside, and perhaps, as a result of the persistence and pervasiveness of informal employment, issues relating to inequality have come to the fore. This paper is motivated by these two intertwining aspects of Indian labor market—informality and wage inequality. Using nationally representative sample data, the paper examines trends in wage inequality among various forms of informal workers, overlaying these findings with broader trends in inequality. Using a regression based inequality decomposition, the paper compares the sources of wage inequality across different employment groups and the reasons for differences in wage inequality.     

失地农民中特殊群体非正规就业问题实证研究——以成都市郊两镇为例

通过对成都市郊弥牟镇和大弯镇的特殊群体——大龄、文化程度低失地农民非正规就业选择问题的实证案例及其理论分析,揭示了非正规就业是大龄、文化程度低失地农民人力资本合理的再配置形式;城市政府现行相关政策导向和制度安排导致非正规就业制度成本上升,无助于这一群体生计的可持续性。城市政府应积极看待非正规就业的正面功能,以新的制度安排促进非正规就业市场的健康发展,从而为社会弱势群体创造实现可持续生计的公平机会。     

The value of reputation on eBay: A controlled experiment

We conducted the first randomized controlled field experiment of an Internet reputation mechanism. A high-reputation, established eBay dealer sold matched pairs of lots—batches of vintage postcards—under his regular identity and under new seller identities (also operated by him). As predicted, the established identity fared better. The difference in buyers’ willingness-to-pay was 8.1% of the selling price. A subsidiary experiment followed the same format, but compared sales by relatively new sellers with and without negative feedback. Surprisingly, one or two negative feedbacks for our new sellers did not affect buyers’ willingness-to-pay. JEL Classification D82 · L14 · Z13     

甘肃张掖节水型社会试点建设模式的制度经济学分析

甘肃省张掖市展开的以水权改革为中心的节水型社会试点建设初步实现了黑河分水与地区社会经济发展的双赢目标。张掖节水型社会试点建设的制度安排可划分为以可交易水权、水费计收、水务一体化、公众参与、地方性法规为表现形式的正式制度安排和以用水习惯、节水意识为表现形式的非正式制度安排。     

The Magic of the Personal Touch: Field Experimental Evidence on Money and Appreciation as Gifts*

In this paper, we use two field experiments in professional settings to explore the effort levels of individuals in response to gifts. We extend the literature by looking at non‐financial gifts that signal worker appreciation and gifts that combine financial and non‐financial elements with or without a personal touch. We find that while money and appreciation are individually effective, these only work well together when they are combined with a personal touch. This suggests that responses to gifts are sensitive to the presentation of the gift as well as to interpersonal elements; these are factors that have so far been largely ignored in the literature but are easy to incorporate into existing principal–agent models.     

Using Hicksian Surplus Measures to Examine Consistency of Individual Preferences: Evidence from a Field Experiment

This paper pits neoclassical theory against prospect theory by investigating several clean tests of the competing hypotheses. Consistent with previous work, the field experimental data suggest that prospect theory adequately organizes behavior among inexperienced consumers, whereas consumers with intense market experience behave largely in accordance with neoclassical predictions. The data indicate that the convergence in values occurs entirely because of lower Hicksian equivalent surplus values.     

Hidden benefits of reward: A field experiment on motivation and monetary incentives

We conducted a field experiment in a controlled work environment to investigate the effect of motivational talk and its interaction with monetary incentives. We find that motivational talk improves performance only when accompanied by performance pay. Moreover, performance pay reduces performance unless it is accompanied by motivational talk. These effects also carry over to the quality of work. Performance pay alone leads to more mistakes. Adding motivational talk makes the difference. In treatments with performance pay, motivational talk increases output by about 20 percent and reduces the ratio of mistakes by more than 40 percent.     

如何设计国际合资企业的控制机制：基于创新视角的一个整合模型研究

随着国际合资企业（IJV）数量不断增加,合资双方都想通过IJV逐步实现自身战略目标,于是对控制权展开激烈争夺,最终导致创新绩效下降。为了解释并避免这个现象,本文以2018年制造业企业创新调查问卷中的225家IJV企业为样本,构建层次回归模型,实证检验了IJV的控制机制与创新绩效间的关系,以及创新资金来源结构的调节作用。结果表明,双方均衡的股权结构能够为IJV带来最高的产品和工艺创新绩效,中方控股的次之,外方控股的最低;IJV知识产权保护与产品创新绩效间存在倒U型关系,与工艺创新绩效间存在显著线性正相关;文化控制对IJV产品创新绩效与工艺创新绩效均有显著的正向影响;创新资金来源结构会显著正向调节知识产权保护与工艺创新绩效间的关系,且外部主导型创新资金来源结构正向调节作用最高,内部主导型次之,均衡型最低。同时为在华IJV掌握控制权并提升创新绩效提出了对策建议。     

Tracing the impact of large minimum wage changes on household welfare in Indonesia

Minimum wage legislation has been introduced and expanded in many developed and developing countries, in the hope that it would improve the living standards of the poor and reduce inequality. This study examines the impact of large minimum wage changes in Indonesia. The results indicate serious limitations of the minimum wage for improving living standards and reducing inequality.     

非正规金融与正规金融:互补还是替代?——基于DSGE模型的相互作用机制研究

文章通过建立四部门动态随机一般均衡模型,分析了二元金融体系下正规金融与非正规金融部门之间的作用机制,并对模型进行数值模拟。研究发现,在居民消费偏好冲击和技术冲击两种情况下,正规金融与非正规金融部门之间主要是互补关系,表现为两部门贷款利率和贷款规模的同向变动;而在货币政策冲击下,两部门短期内呈现相互替代的关系。     

创新网络领域知识主题研究述评

在知识经济时代,创新网络在企业创新中扮演着重要角色,而研究网络中知识要素的产生、传播、吸收等问题对了解企业网络化创新具有重要意义。基于国内外核心文献数据库,收集创新网络领域知识要素相关文献,并结合文献计量分析方法,对该领域近30年有关知识主题研究的演化规律、整体趋势等进行梳理。结果表明,国内外研究年度发文量均呈现3个阶段变化趋势,且分别拥有各自重要载文期刊,国内研究已形成核心团队,而国外并未形成;国内外研究既有相同之处,也存在差异性,且均形成较为清晰的研究框架;在演化规律上,国内横向拓展和纵向深化研究特征显著,而国外更加注重纵向深入探索分析,研究内容也更加分散;在未来前沿热点分析上,中外学者关注内容既有相同点,也有不同点,知识协同、知识惯例、企业数字化转型对知识影响的研究是未来关注重点。     

基于中央选择性控制的试验——中国改革“实践”机制的一种新解释

关于中国改革机制有众多的解释,新近提出的试验说被视为切中改革实践的一种理论。本文从内容到方法论层面对试验说进行评析,在此基础上提出替代性解释：试验是基于中央选择性控制的。中央对怎么改革并不预先设定一个原则和目标,而是通过对试验的不确定态度,实现对地方的选择性控制。改革过程中,除了维护政治权力秩序（地方服从于中央）的意识非常清晰之外,对怎么改革并没有明确的意识。实践的形式可以多种多样,至于采用哪种形式完全取决于中央的需要及对中央的功效如何,在根源上则受制于整个权力体系结构所受的约束。基于中央选择性控制的试验有利于中央化解危机但又不失对秩序的控制权,但客观上却使得试验难以充分发挥和推广,最终趋于同质化。     

《蛋白质与酶工程》课程实验教学改革的探索与实践

蛋白质与酶工程是生物技术专业主干课程,内容丰富、涵盖面广。在蛋白质与酶工程实验教学中通过一系列的探索和实践,构建了应用技术型的综合性实验教学体系、开放性实验教学模式与结合科学研究的实例教学的教学模式。     

Beyond technical skills training: The impact of credit counseling on the entrepreneurial behavior of Ugandan youth

There is low take‐up of financial credit among youth in Uganda because potential beneficiaries perceive associated risks as high. This study assesses the determinants of entrepreneurial risk tolerance among Ugandan youth using experimental data from a randomized control trial and a real‐life investment‐risk experiment. Credit counseling was provided to young men and women aged 18–35 who owned a business to educate them about the obligations and commitments associated with financial credit. The intervention had a significant impact on demand for credit and related intermediate outcomes such as ownership of a bank account and investment in assets. The study finds that youth exhibited lower demand for credit after business training because of increased awareness regarding the actual risks associated with receiving credit. Our findings reinforce national strategies to promote soft skills for business entrepreneurship that extend beyond standard business training.     

A Field Experiment in Charitable Contribution: The Impact of Social Information on the Voluntary Provision of Public Goods

We study the effect of social information on the voluntary provision of public goods. Competing theories predict that others' contributions might be either substitutes or complements to one's own. We demonstrate a positive social information effect on individual contributions, supporting theories of complementarities. We find the most influential level of social information is drawn from the 90th to 95th percentile of previous contributions. We furthermore find the effect to be significant for new members but not for renewing members. In the most effective condition, social information increases contributions by 12% ($13). These increased contributions do not crowd out future contributions.     

基于创新力场强的区域中心城市创新生态圈辐射效应研究——以长三角城市群为例

为破解区域中心城市创新生态圈创新力场强分布不均匀导致区域创新不平衡的问题，实现区域协同创新，基于断裂点模型、创新力场强模型和创新辐射力模型，对长三角城市群区域中心城市创新生态圈辐射效应进行实证研究。结果表明：长三角城市群创新力场强整体以“沪-苏-宁-合-杭-沪”为边界呈圆形网络分布，包括上海创新辐射带、苏州创新辐射带、杭州创新辐射圈、南京创新辐射带以及合肥创新辐射圈等五大核心辐射区；创新力场强分布不均匀，靠近核心辐射区的城市创新力场强密集，受到多重辐射效应，而边缘城市受到辐射效应微弱；周围城市创新要素量对创新力场强具有倍乘效应，可通过增加其创新要素量放大创新辐射效应。     

环境责任视角下非正式环境规制对企业绿色技术创新的影响——一个有中介的调节模型

环境问题是影响我国生态经济健康发展的关键,而积极释放环境履责信号来推动绿色技术创新发展则是企业应对经济高质量发展的必然途径,特别是在互联网传媒带来的网络舆论效应凸现的当下,媒介公众的外部舆论压力已成为企业开展绿色创新活动的新驱动力.基于此,本文尝试从环境责任视角,探究公众、媒介外部舆论压力对企业绿色技术创新能力的内在作用机制,引入环保投资作为调节变量,构建相应理论模型,并以2012—2018年重污染上市公司数据为样本,运用固定效应模型开展了实证研究.结果表明:公众关注对企业绿色技术创新具有显著正向影响;媒介关注与企业绿色技术创新间存在"倒U型"关系;公众关注与媒介关注间存在显著的交互作用,且在提高企业绿色技术创新方面存在替代效应;环境责任在媒介关注与企业绿色技术创新的非线性关系中具有完全中介作用;环保投资强化了媒介关注与企业绿色技术创新间的非线性关系,但削弱了公众关注对企业绿色技术创新的影响.     

新中国成立以来我国政府与科技社团关系演变逻辑：基于间断均衡的政策分析框架

科技社团作为党和政府团结联系广大科技工作者的桥梁纽带,是国家创新体系的重要组成部分,也是建设科技强国的重要力量。基于间断均衡理论,使用政策文本分析方法对新中国成立以来我国政府与科技社团关系演变逻辑进行梳理,将其关系变迁历程划分为探索均衡期、强势间断期、弱势间断期、探索均衡期、发展均衡期、完善均衡期6个时期。研究表明,我国政府与科技社团间关系在政策变迁历程中展现出非线性、较高不确定性且伴有偶然性突变的特征;我国政府与科技社团关系的变迁先后经历了社会团体管理制度初步建立、“全能主义”盛行、改革开放的历史转折、监管与整顿、培育与监管、赋权与增能6个阶段的深刻调整;中央政府决策的注意力分配、焦点事件冲击、科技社团的策略性行动这3个要素以不同的作用机制改变科技社团的政策场域,进而影响我国政府与科技社团之间关系的变迁。     

因时而变：时间压力视角下反馈寻求时机对创造力的影响机制研究

反馈寻求与创造力关系已被证实会受到策略、反馈源、效价等因素影响,但忽视了寻求时机对创造力的作用。随着企业竞争格局加剧,员工将反馈信息转化为创造力的时效性显得尤为重要。由于反馈寻求时机的构念界定与特点描述并不明晰,关于其对创造力的作用机制尚未得出明确结论。为此,首先通过质性分析探索反馈寻求时机的内涵、特点,并进行量表重构;其次,根据解释水平以及双元学习等理论,从时间视角出发,探索时间压力下即时与延时寻求反馈对个体创造力的作用机制。分析结果表明：即时和延时寻求反馈均显著正向影响个体创造力;双元学习中介于即时/延时寻求反馈与个体创造力,即时与延时寻求反馈分别通过利用式、探索式学习促进个体创造力提升;时间压力正向调节即时寻求反馈与利用式学习关系,负向调节延时寻求反馈与探索式学习关系。