基于Hotelling模型变体的双寡头研究

对艾奇沃斯模型得出的不稳定价格和产出的结论,霍特林(Hotelling)建立一个空间模型并提出,在运输成本存在的情况下,价格和产出都是唯一确定的。Hotelling模型为研究空间竞争问题提供一个经典的范式,但是模型本身不能解释两厂商的串谋。本文将放松原模型中消费者的刚性需求假定,引入需求密度函数,弱化区位竞争,重点考察单位运输成本,把研究角度锁定在价格博弈层面上,有效的解释双寡头之间的串谋,并认为模型结论取决于单位运输成本。     

厂商市场份额的品牌经济模型及其现实解释

厂商的市场份额决定了其利润率,从而决定了厂商能否在残酷的竞争中生存、增长与发展。而在经济过剩的条件下,消费者的选择决定了厂商的市场份额,货币价格与品牌及品牌信用度决定的选择成本作为消费者选择和购买过程中的局限条件制约和影响着消费者的选择与购买。本文建立起引入品类需求强度系数、价格、选择成本的需求函数,并以此模型解释了厂商市场份额的决定是通过价格机制与品牌机制共同作用而实现的。在理论分析的基础上,对大量的现实进行了解释,在验证该模型的同时,对未来市场竞争及厂商市场份额做出了预测。同时,本文提出了提高厂商市场份额与定价权的＂品类需求强度—品牌信用度＂二维模型,并分别从开发具有较高品类需求强度的品类市场和提高品牌信用度的品牌建设方面给现实中的厂商提供了相应策略。     

基于云制造服务平台的供应商质量激励策略研究

本文总结了云制造服务平台 （简称云平台） 的特征, 采用Hotelling模型建立价格竞争和需求函数模型, 研究了在线下供应市场价格和质量水平确定的情况下, 剩余资源供应商为追求自身利润最大化所采取的价格和质量水平策略, 以及在面对具有质量偏好的需求方时, 云平台如何通过制定合理的质量罚金比率和交易佣金比例, 激励供应商提高质量水平, 同时最大化自身的收益。 研究发现： 当给定线下供应市场质量和价格水平时, 云平台制定的质量罚金比率与剩余资源供应商的质量成本系数成正比。 当其他条件一定时, 剩余资源供应商成本越高, 云平台制定的佣金比例越低。     

基于SVM模型的山东省电力需求预测

基于山东省1985--2008年的有关数据,分析了山东省电力消费的主要影响因素,然后运用最小一最大规范化方法对数据进行规范化处理,并利用相关系数法得到影响山东省电力需求的最优属性集,最后根据SVM原理,选取径向基核函数、线性核函数、多项式核函数3种核函数分别建立山东省电力需求预测模型,并利用平均绝对百分误差、希尔不等系数和均方根误差3种评价指标进行拟合度的检验。预测结果说明：与传统的时间序列拟合法相比,SVM模型在电力需求预测方面精度较高;在进行短期电力需求预测的时候,基于径向基核函数建立的SVM模型表现出很大的优势;而在进行长期电力需求预测的时候,基于多项式核函数建立的SVM模型更为合适。     

专门人才预测模型的应用研究

企业生产技术条件的变化、生产能力的增加、生产规模的扩大必然带来企业对各类专业技术人才的需求量与需求结构的变化 ;同时 ,企业发展战略的调整、产业结构的改变 ,也必然会带来企业对专门人才数量和结构的变化。因此 ,对企业专门人才的科学预测 ,进行人才结构的调整是确保企业发展战略实现的重要前提。鉴于此 ,本文以HK公司为例 ,研究企业专门人才的需求与拥有预测模型 ,以期能为企业进行人才规划提供科学的工具和手段。　　　　　　　一、专门人才需求预测模型模型Ⅰ :生产函数模型 ,即Cobb -Douglass生产函数模型 :Y =A (t)·LαKβ…     

试论需求价格弹性与收益

商品的需求价格弹性与收益理论,历来是经济学家所关心和研究的热点,也是企业营销者所关心的问题。在弹性理论和利用弹性理论促销增收的实务中,人们有普遍接受的结论。当企业营销者知道了自己商品的需求价格弹性后,可以利用价格的变化来调整和改变自己的收益。但是,在实际操作中,结果会与普遍接受的结论一致吗?如果不一致,问题出在哪里?怎样理解并计算弹性?如何利用弹性促销增收? 一、弹性的定义 弹性表示两个有相关关系的量,在其它条件不变时,其中一个量发生变化时另一个量的反应程度。某种商品的需求价格弹性,表示在其它条件(比如收入、替代品价格等)不变时,该商品的需求量对于其价     

中国煤炭需求的长期与短期弹性研究

煤炭是中国最主要的初级能源,有关煤炭需求问题的研究对中国经济发展具有重要意义.本文利用时间序列建模技术研究了我国煤炭需求与收入、煤炭价格和石油价格之间的长期关系与短期调整效应,同时获得了煤炭需求关于收入、煤炭价格以及石油价格的长期与短期弹性.结果表明煤炭需求与收入、煤炭价格和石油价格之间存在长期协整关系,这种关系反映了中国煤炭需求量长期将受到收入和初级能源价格变动的影响;误差修正模型结果显示煤炭和石油价格变动对煤炭需求的短期影响在统计上不显著,且影响方向与理论不一致,这意味着我国初级能源定价机制的不合理,即价格在短期内不能有效发挥合理配置资源的作用.这些结果有助于中国制定相应的能源消费政策和经济发展政策.     

浅析需求价格弹性理论的应用

需求价格弹性理论是西方经济学中一个重要理论,运用这一理论,可以分析价格变化时对需求量变化的调节作用,为运用价格这一经济杠杆来调节供需关系提供理论依据;还可分析价格变化对商品销售收入的调节作用,为企业制定价格策略,扩大销售量,增加盈利提供理论指导。但该理论有关需求随价格变化而变化的几个结论,在实际应用中要在一定的前提条件下才能成立,若这些条件不能全部满足,则其结论也需相应调。本文试就这一问题进行分析。     

基于VAR模型实证分析的我国煤炭价格波动研究

煤炭作为我国最重要的能源,其价格波动受多方面的影响。从供给、需求、进口3方面入手,运用VAR计量模型对煤炭价格进行研究,得出煤炭供给量、煤炭需求量、煤炭进口量3个因素对煤炭价格影响的程度和时滞,并针对当前我国煤炭价格下滑的情况,提出相关建议。     

关于道格拉斯模型应用的注记

道格拉斯生产函数是一种最常见的模型。人们经常利用这个模型对宏观经济进行研究,如对毛积累率和净积累率的研究等。因此道格拉斯生产函数在实际应用中具有重要作用。但笔者经常看到在应用道格拉斯生产函数时人们往往忽略它的具体应用条件,因而得出的结论具有严重的失效性。道格拉斯生产函数是在生产过程处于均衡增长状态下提出来的,对积累率的研究也是在均衡增长状态下进行的,这与在生产一一投入就研究积累问题具有重大差别,前者是待生产进入正常发展阶段后开始积累,后者从某种意义上讲是“杀鸡取蛋”的方式,限制了生产正常发展。为此,正确使用道格拉斯模型,首先必须满足模型的条件,这一点是     

Unimodality of price-setting newsvendor's objective function with multiplicative demand and its applications

We present a general solution framework for the price-setting newsvendor problem with a multiplicative stochastic demand. Under mild assumptions, such as increasing price elasticity on the mean demand function and increasing generalized failure rate on the distribution of the random factor, we first prove that both the profit function with respect to price and its derived function with respect to order quantity are quasi-concave. Three applications are then studied under our solution framework: (1) We consider a wholesale price only contract by which a manufacturer sets a wholesale price and a newsvendor determines an order quantity and the retail price, and show that the manufacturer's profit function is unimodal with respect to retailing price or stocking factor under certain conditions. (2) We consider a newsvendor problem in which the demand depends on both the retail price and the level of sales effort, and the cost exerting the sales effort is proportional to the order quantity; we prove that there exists a unique pair of price and sales-effort levels that maximize the total profit. This result is established under a set of mild assumptions on the demand and cost functions. (3) We identify a property in the single-period profit function that satisfies Condition 1 of Huh and Janakiraman (2008), which in turn guarantees the optimality of (s, S) policy for an infinite stationary dynamic inventory-price control system with lost sales and fixed order costs. Finally, the unimodality of the newsvendor problem with a general stochastic and price-sensitive demand is studied.     

The component procurement problem for the loss-averse manufacturer with spot purchase

This paper studies the purchasing behaviour of a loss-averse engineer-to-order manufacturer, who purchases a key component for his final product from a supplier under a single-wholesale-price contract with spot purchase opportunities, where both the product demand and the component spot price are uncertain. Through newsvendor type of models, we analyze several key issues, including the effects of the manufacturer's loss aversion, and the effects of demand and spot price uncertainties on the manufacturer's decision behaviour. We find that the purchasing behaviour of the loss-averse manufacturer differs from those of the risk-neutral and risk-averse ones. Specifically, we identify some sufficient conditions under which the loss-averse manufacturer may purchase a larger order quantity in advance when demand becomes more uncertain or when the price becomes more uncertain. We also discuss the two-wholesale-price contract and show that fixing the emergency supply price may lead to a smaller order quantity.     

Joint pricing and inventory control for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with partial backlogging and time and price dependent demand

In this paper, a joint pricing and inventory control for non-instantaneous deteriorating items is developed. We adopt a price and time dependent demand function. Shortages is allowed and partially backlogged. The major objective is to determine the optimal selling price, the optimal replenishment schedule and the optimal order quantity simultaneously such that, the total profit is maximized. We first show that for any given selling price, optimal replenishment schedule exists and unique. Then, we show that the total profit is a concave function of price. Next, we present a simple algorithm to find the optimal solution. Finally, we solve a numerical example to illustrate the solution procedure and the algorithm.     

Joint pricing and procurement of fashion products in the existence of clearance markets

This paper focuses on the joint pricing and procurement of fashion products in the existence of clearance markets. It is assumed that the expected regular season demand is a linear decreasing function of the price and the end of period excess inventory is sold at a known discounted price in a clearance market where the demand is a random variable that follows a general distribution. It is shown that the expected profit function is unimodal and the optimal procurement quantity and price can be found from the first order conditions. Existence of a clearance market increases the profit, price, and the procurement quantity. In order to prove this, the optimal procurement and pricing policy of a price-setting retailer who does not have a clearance market is provided. As opposed to the literature, it is shown that the expected profit function of this problem is unimodal as well. A numerical study demonstrating the magnitude of the increase in profit, procurement quantity, and price is reported.     

Metaheuristic-based simulation optimization approach to network revenue management with an improved self-adjusting bid price function

Making accurate accept/reject decisions on dynamically arriving customer requests for different combinations of resources is a challenging task under uncertainty of competitors' pricing strategies. Because customer demand may be affected by a competitor's pricing action, changes in customer interarrival times should also be considered in capacity control procedures. In this article, a simulation model is developed for a bid price–based capacity control problem of an airline network revenue management system by considering the uncertain nature of booking cancellations and competitors' pricing strategy. An improved bid price function is proposed by considering competitors' different pricing scenarios that occur with different probabilities and their effects on the customers' demands. The classical deterministic linear program (DLP) is reformulated to determine the initial base bid prices that are utilized as control parameters in the proposed self-adjusting bid price function. Furthermore, a simulation optimization approach is applied in order to determine the appropriate values of the coefficients in the bid price function. Different evolutionary computation techniques such as differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and seeker optimization algorithm (SOA), are utilized to determine these coefficients along with comparisons. The computational experiments show that promising results can be obtained by making use of the proposed metaheuristic-based simulation optimization approach.     

Pricing in revenue management for multiple firms competing for customers

We consider the pricing strategies of multiple firms providing the same service in competition for a common pool of customers in a revenue management context. The firms have finite capacity and the demand at each firm depends on the selling prices charged by all firms, each of which satisfies demand up to a given capacity limit. We use game theory to analyze the systems when firms face either a deterministic demand or a general stochastic demand. The existence and uniqueness conditions of a Nash equilibrium are derived, and we calculate the explicit Nash equilibrium point when the demand at each firm is a linear function of price. We also conduct sensitivity analysis of the equilibrium prices with respect to cost and capacity parameters.     

预期货币效应与总需求研究

货币传导机制对价格和产出的影响(用货币数量论的观点来说,就是PY如何分争成P和Y),这取决于总需求和总供给的共同作用,本文就是研究共同作用曲线移动的分布状态和预期货币效应走向。