新建项目压覆煤炭资源行政管理问题研究

根据新建项目对煤炭资源的压覆审批流程和煤炭资源国有属性的特点,新建项目压覆煤炭资源行政管理面临的问题主要来自法律、行政、经济三个方面。分析新建项目压覆煤炭资源行政管理现状可知,矿业权人和国家的权益在压覆过程中没有得到很好的维护;缺少专门的管理办法,现有的行政审批难以有效地解决我国当前面临的煤炭资源压覆问题,行政审批职能部门协调困难、衔接有漏洞;缺少合理完善的经济补偿机制,建设方所交费用与压覆煤炭资源的价值不符,补偿款不到位。建议:(1)制定专门的压覆煤炭资源管理办法;(2)完善行政审批流程;(3)健全压覆补偿机制。     

压覆矿产管理与占用补偿问题研究

当前我国压覆矿产管理存在矿产压覆报告备案涉及矿种众多,压覆矿产司法纠纷呈逐年上升,压覆矿产资源管理法理不清晰、经济社会效益对比机制不健全,部分压覆导致剩余范围不能开发的补偿等问题。针对这些问题建议:加强压覆矿产资源行政法规的顶层制度供给,夯实压覆矿产管理基础支撑体系;补充完善压覆重要矿产的矿种类别;从法理上坚持补偿压覆矿产的实际损失,按探矿权、采矿权相关情形分类补偿;研究出台相应的技术与规程作支撑。     

压覆矿产资源法律制度解析

基于对压覆矿产资源管理相关法律法规梳理,指出现行法律法规虽然保障了压覆查询、压覆审批、压覆区域评估、压覆范围确定、压覆国情调查等工作的顺利开展,但压覆矿产资源管理在基本概念、基础分类、压覆补偿、制度执行等方面仍然存在缺陷,法律制度的完整性、衔接性、可操作性有待进一步改进。建议:(1)明确基本概念,完善基础分类;(2)强化建设项目和压覆矿产的经济对比;(3)追究违法压覆矿产资源的法律责任;(4)健全压覆补偿制度;(5)规范压覆调查统计制度。     

刍议建设项目压覆矿产资源处置

如何处理好保护资源与保障发展之间的关系,科学合理处置压覆矿产资源,已成为国土资源主管部门急需解决的课题。文章介绍了压覆矿业权处置的法律依据,阐述了国内建设项目压覆矿业权处置的规定和事例,通过对比西方发达国家压覆矿业权处置的依据和操作实际,提出了简政放权、科学评估、合理补偿、采取协商方式解决和建立"征矿"补偿机制等压覆矿业权处置的政策建议,以及在矿法修改中明确压覆处置事项的意见建议。     

我国压覆重要矿产资源管理形势分析与展望

当前,我国压覆矿产管理形势呈现积极变化。国家层面上,压覆矿产资源评估向区域评估方式发展,压覆矿产的占用补偿制度建立和评审备案简政放权改革需求进一步受国家重视。地方层面上,进一步向规范压覆矿产管理、落实区域评估方式和推动压覆矿产网络查询方向发展;统筹压覆矿产资源调查与评估,前置压覆矿产资源调查工作以加速推进建设用地审批。文章分析认为,压覆查询和审批网络化发展是新趋势,要用好现有抓手,关注压覆矿产资源审批与管理的发展动态。     

建设项目压覆矿产资源之压覆区范围初探

压覆区范围是建设项目用地压覆矿产资源评估的关键,其范围的确定影响着评估结果。为了科学合理地保护和最大限度地利用矿产资源,文章对全国11个省份关于建设项目压覆矿产资源评估管理文件对比研究,发现压覆区范围的确定与评估区范围、安全采深、矿业权设置时序以及矿业权的地质勘查程度等因素有着直接关系。     

村庄压煤区土地综合整治技术优化体系及实证

[目的]为了推动村庄压煤区土地资源与矿产资源协调利用,促进开采规划与新型城镇化和新农村建设相结合。[方法]文章论述了压煤区土地整治转型中的转型方向、整治内容和整合技术,并以泽州县4个压煤村为综合示范区进行实证。[结果]基于"地—矿"资源协调利用优化路径及其驱动下集成的压煤区土地综合整治技术应用于实践,结果表明整治后示范区耕地面积增长17.79%,粮食产能增长率33.33%,耕地质量提高等级1个等级,平均地块面积变化率为261.54%,高标准基本农田建设面积增长13.72%,田间路网密度增加量12.88m/hm~2,煤炭压覆面积干扰度减少3.12%,煤炭可采量提升率4.56%,机耕面积增长率为17.79%,农村建设用地复垦统筹城镇建设用地率71.97%,农地地均年收入变化率33.33%,集约用地面积增长3.9%,工矿废弃地面积减少100%,复垦后土地再利用率100%,生态用地面积增长率6.345%,植被覆盖提高率3.8%,风景休闲用地面积提升0.007%。[结论]在压煤区"地—矿"资源利用冲突逐渐加剧的背景下,协调"地—矿"资源利用关键在于田块修筑、压煤村居民点整理、工矿废弃建设地复垦、资源循环再利用及生态修复等项目联动实施,而基于以上内容的土地综合整治技术体系优化,能够为压煤区"地—矿"资源协调利用提供技术支撑。     

长江流域生态补偿政府转移支付融资法律问题研究

通过界定生态补偿、转移支付等概念,以仙桃为例进行调研分析,提出针对性宣传、畅通民众参与渠道、完善生态补偿机制等建设性意见。研究长江流域生态补偿政府转移支付融资的法律问题,可以规范地方政府融资平台设立和运作,推动法律与制度完善,促进公平、协调、生态环境可持续发展。     

征地补偿安置与新农村建设中的利益协调问题探微

在新农村建设的进程中,征地补偿安置方面所存在的不公平现象成为了协调各方利益的关键问题。针对此类问题,应当从实际出发,综合性地考虑到征地补偿的标准、流程以及方式等各方面进行优化与改进,以符合新农村建设进程中协调各方利益的需要。     

我国流域上下游横向生态保护补偿制度建设的思考

我国流域上下游横向生态保护补偿制度已在省内和跨省间展开积极探索,既出现了"政府有意愿、部门有权责、制度有依据"等积极方面,也暴露出"缺市场、缺标准、缺协同"等问题。以协调流域水资源保护与开发矛盾为初衷的生态保护补偿政策,应与流域生态空间规划、自然资源资产管理和生态修复工作等相互协同,着力破解水资源确权、水资源有偿使用、流域及水生态核算、市场培育等补偿制度瓶颈。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.