青藏铁路运输成本对物流交易效率的影响分析

运用新兴古典经济学交易效率分析框架,构建了基于运输成本的物流交易效率模型,以青藏铁路为例,对运输成本对物流交易效率的有效促进作用进行了实证分析,认为运输成本是制约青藏地区物流交易效率提高的重要内生变量。青藏铁路是一条公益性突出的线路,它显著提升了青藏两省区的物流水平。因此,有必要制订青藏铁路运营支持政策,建立运输成本补偿机制,促进青藏两省区物流交易效率的不断提高。     

物流运输运作成本控制研究分析——以某化工公司为例

从运输成本的构成入手,分析了影响运输成本因素、物流成本与运输成本之间的关系,在此基础之上,以上海某化工企业为例,分析研究了进行物流系统优化过程中运输成本控制的方法和采取的具体策略。     

Location of industry, market size, and imperfect international capital mobility

This paper examines the impact of imperfect international capital mobility on an industrial location when increasing returns are present. When the international capital mobility is perfect, agglomeration of manufacturing firms progresses with a decline in transportation costs of manufactured goods, and full-agglomeration in a large-market country is observed at low transportation costs. In contrast, when international capital mobility is imperfect, agglomeration in a large-market country progresses with capital trade integration. When the transportation costs of manufactured goods are low, all capital holders in two countries invest their capital into a home market.     

浅析降低企业运输成本的方法

文章阐述了企业运输成本的概念及降低运输成本的意义,分析了运输成本的主要构成,从加强成本预算控制、优化供应配套体系、加强显性成本管理、实施绿色物流管理等七个方面探讨了降低运输成本的方法,以期企业用最小的费用取得最大的效益。     

Transportation cost changes with statewide school district consolidation

This article studies the relationship between school district size and bus transportation costs, and estimates the change in such costs when a statewide policy of consolidation is pursued. To explore this relationship, we develop a multiple-objective model and solution procedure that combines a geographic aggregation and bus routing heuristic to generate consolidation scenarios. The heuristic was developed to explicitly consider efficiency, effectiveness, and equity objectives, and can be applied in both urban and rural states. The scenarios will generate average statewide bus transportation costs. As applied to the State of Iowa, within the legislature's proposed range of consolidation of 500-1000 students, it was found that transportation operational and capital cost increases range from 0.6 to 10.6 percent and 0.7 to 7.7 percent, respectively.     

Hotelling was Right

This paper proves existence of a subgame perfect equilibrium in Hotelling's original (unidimensional city, linear transportation costs, uniform distribution of the consumers, two firms with identical and constant marginal cost, perfectly inelastic demand) location–price game such that in the location subgame the location choices of the firms are pure and identical. The result can be extended to variations of the original setup (multidimensional city, nonlinear transportation costs, nonuniform distribution of consumers, many firms with identical and constant marginal costs, two or more firms with nonidentical but constant marginal costs).     

“一带一路”视域下中国与哈萨克斯坦的能源运输研究

在“一带一路”合作倡议推动下,中哈能源贸易合作得到进一步深化。而承载两国能源合作的物流运输,起着关键性作用。通过梳理相关文献及中哈能源运输现状等,发现能源跨境运输方式主要以管道及水运运输为主,且两国存在运输成本偏高、运输结构不合理、能源运输人才匮乏及相关法律制度不完善等问题。建议从完善法律制度、加强人才培养及深化物流合作关系等方面提升中哈能源运输水平。     

A world trade model with bilateral trade based on comparative advantage

This paper describes an extension of Duchin's world trade model to include the explicit representation of transportation costs, permitting the endogenous determination of bilateral trade flows and region-specific prices. The original model is a linear program that, based on comparative advantage and the minimization of factor use, determines regional production and trade flows as well as world prices and scarcity rents for m regions, n good, and k factors. The new world trade model with bilateral trade achieves its objectives by introducing transportation services and geographically dependent transportation requirements for each traded good and each pair of potential trade partners. The formulation of this model and its major properties are presented, and results from a preliminary analysis with 11 regions, eight goods, four transportation sectors, and six factors of production are reported and compared with corresponding results from the world trade model. On the basis of this comparison, we conclude that transportation costs have little impact on a region's total imports or exports of a given commodity.     

Analysing the impact of restructuring transportation,production and distribution on costs and environment – a case from the Thai Rubber industry

Transportation and distribution are key elements to successful supply chains, however there is some disagreement regarding the impact of distribution and transportation restructuring on costs and the environment. This paper explores the use of an optimisation model of Thailand’s rubber industry supply chain, to assess the impact of distribution and transportation on costs and greenhouse gas emissions. It has previously been observed that there is a positive correlation between transportation cost reduction and environmental impact, nevertheless the correlation is not clearly established when the distribution system is restructured. This paper is divided into two parts: the first part examines the impact of transportation service capacity on distribution decisions; the second part of the paper aims to examine the impact of restructuring the distribution network considering multi-modal options on cost and greenhouse gas emissions. For both parts a scenario analysis is utilised in conjunction with an optimisation model to derive the best possible answer in terms of costs and GHG emissions. In this paper, the results obtained indicate that the impact on cost minimisation from the increase in rail freight service capacity is marginal, while the impact on GHG emission minimisation is more significant. In terms of short-sea shipping prices and service capacity, the scenario analysis shows a slight positive impact on cost minimisation but no positive or negative impact on GHG emission minimisation. Results also confirm that in terms of economic advantages, distribution network restructuring provides greater benefit to the industry than does capacity development for the transportation service.     

Location theory and transportation costs

In this paper, we consider the problem of locating one firm within a transportation network. For this problem, the main known result, called the Hakimi theorem, states that an optimal location of the firm is either a market or a node of the network. Our purpose is to extend this result in two directions. First, when several transportation modes exist, we show that the junction points between different modes can also be optimal locations. Second, we study the role of the fixed transportation costs. We prove that markets are local optimal locations when such costs exist, and that a market is the only optimal solution under specific assumptions about the size of the fixed costs. Simulation is used to illustrate the relevance of the approach.     

物联网技术对供应链运输管理的改善

分析了传统供应链运输管理中存在的问题,主要有运输成本难以降低和信息无法实时传递,分析了物联网技术对供应链运输管理起到的改进作用,体现在提高了运输的自动化程度、降低运输成本和改善了信息传递,最后对物联网技术在供应链运输管理中的应用作了展望。     

Central Asia's transport cost burden and its impact on trade

This paper examines the role of transportation costs in causing the countries of Central Asia to generate far less trade with the European Union (EU) than their relative location would suggest. Based on data collected from transport professionals, it detects a sharp increase in the transportation costs and time at Warsaw, moving east from the EU towards the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In the case of Central Asia, border-crossing problems, low traded volumes and trade imbalance, inter alia, seem to be major explanations of the unexpected low trade level between Central Asia and the EU.     

Transportation rates, market structure and the production-location decision : A note

This note examines the effects of market structure on production and location decisions of an oligopolistic firm. It shows that if transportation rates are a function of quantity shipped and distance traveled, a linearly homogeneous production function is not sufficient to ensure independence between the optimum location and market structure unless (i) the elasticities of transportation rates with respect to quantity shipped are constant and identical, and (ii) the ratios of marginal products to the marginal transportation costs are equal for each input. This results is significantly different from Hwang and Mai's in the constant transportation rates case.     

生产型企业物流成本构成分析

分析了物流总成本的几种典型定义,根据生产型企业的特点,指出其物流成本由运输成本、存货持有成本、仓储成本、批量成本、缺货损失、订单处理及信息成本、逆向物流成本及其他管理费用构成,便于管理者针对这些成本领域存在的问题采取相应的措施。     

基于贝叶斯结构方程模型的城际铁路客运需求影响因素分析

作为城市群区域间的连接纽带,城际铁路是社会经济快速发展的基础。研究城际铁路客运需求的影响机理,对于掌握城际铁路客运量分布特征和变化规律具有十分重要的现实意义。通过分析城际铁路客运需求的相关影响因素及相互作用关系,建立基于贝叶斯参数估计的结构方程模型。以长三角与珠三角地区城市群为案例,分析交通运输设施、运输成本以及经济状况等潜在变量对城际铁路客运需求的影响。结果显示,在直接影响层面,经济状况对两地区城际铁路客运需求影响最为显著,而在综合影响层面,交通运输设施对城际铁路客运需求的影响最为显著。     

Analyzing Transportation Reconstruction Network Strategies: A Full Cost Approach

Policymakers interested in evaluating the costs and benefits of earthquake retrofit and reconstruction strategies require a way to measure the benefits (costs avoided) of competing proposals. This requires an integrated, operational model of losses due to earthquake impacts on transportation and industrial capacity, and how these losses affect the metropolitan economy. Our approach to this problem advances the information provided by transportation and activity system analysis techniques in ways that help capture the most important economic implications of earthquakes. These full cost results have four dimensions: structure damage, business interruption, network performance, and infrastructure damage. Preliminary results for all four measures are summarized for a hypothetical magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Elysian Park blind thrust fault in Los Angeles.     

基于鲍摩-瓦尔夫模型的配送中心选址

文中以总成本最低为目标,建立鲍摩——瓦尔夫模型,对物流配送中心进行选址。该模型在考虑运输成本的同时还考虑可变成本和固定成本,并用启发式算法对其进行就求解,最后通过具体的实例说明模型的可行性。     

The social cost of through traffic: Contribution to the suburban-central city exploitation thesis

This paper deals with the conflict between local and through traffic when allocating land for transportation at the expense of residential consumption. The model developed in this paper gives the optimal allocation of land between both uses, via Pontryagin's Maximum Principle, and shows the impact of through traffic on the urban structure, on local transportation costs and on the cost of housing supply. The cost functionals are used to measure the total burden to the inner city and a connection is made to the ongoing discussion of the ‘exploitation’ thesis.     

易腐农产品的动态车辆调度问题研究

文章依据易腐农产品固有的自然属性、储存时间的有限性、运输装备的特殊性,以车辆固定成本、运输成本、能耗成本、货损成本以及客户惩罚成本构成的综合成本最低为目标函数。在满足车辆载重量约束、客户时间窗约束等限制条件下,针对客户需求的不断变化,在冷链物流配送的基础上建立动态车辆调度优化模型。利用基本动态规划算法对模型进行求解,验证了模型的有效性。     

某集团电力物流研究

企业物流成本的高低与企业的效益密切相关,文章结合当前的物流资源整合在降低物流成本、提高资源效率方面的优势,提出了通过整合资源实现物流作业活动改进以降低物流成本的思路,并且通过具体的案例对运输成本、库存成本、采购成本等进行比较计算,以说明通过有效的资源整合可以实现物流成本的降低。