中国物流成本前沿问题考察报告(上)

优化经济流程、降低物流成本、加快发展中国现代物流产业,迫切需要有符合自己要求、经得住推敲的物流成本核算体系及其实际数据的支撑.而从国内外的差异和混乱中理出头绪,探索科学实用的物流成本宏观和微观分析框架与核算方法,是实现这一目标的先决条件和基础性工作.造成中国物流成本居高不下的关键因素是制造业,困扰商品流程优化的还是制造业.因此,制造业物流成本的实际状况应该是,也必将成为物流成本研究的重点领域.     

基于层次分析法的生产型企业仓储与配送中心优化分析——以美的电器为例

有效的仓储和配送对生产型企业顺利实现生产和销售至关重要,而由于市场条件的变化,企业也面临着改进和优化仓储与配送中心的重任。本文以美的电器为例,分析了其库存与物流运输上出现的局部地区无法满足市场供应需求的问题,对此提出了4项改进方案,通过层次分析法对它们的定性定量比较最终选出了最优方案,即以实现企业库存和配送中心的标准化、专业化和信息化为原则,对原有仓库和配送中心信息系统和设施设备进行重新规划和优化升级,以应对市场的不断变化与发展。     

物流配送管理中车辆路径问题研究

本文论述了物流配送管理中车辆路径问题,研究了车辆路径问题的定义、模型,提出了根据客户、车辆和配送中心三类限制条件来对车辆路径问题进行分类的方法。     

注册会计师审计行为的优化研究——基于“审计文化”视角

注册会计师审计是市场经济发展到一定阶段的产物。随着市场经济的日益复杂化,经济利益和审计责任的冲突往往会影响注册会计师的审计行为,导致注册会计师审计舞弊现象屡见不鲜,注册会计师审计职业信誉受损。该文试图从会计师事务所这样一个特定的组织出发,探讨审计文化的内涵及其组成要素,并基于对审计文化与审计行为关系的理解,提出了优化审计行为的审计文化构建措施。     

Peer presence promotes popular choices: A “Spicy” field study on social influence and brand choice

Retail research has highlighted how the presence of others can affect consumers' brand evaluations, purchase intentions, and choice behavior. This field study investigated whether the presence (vs. absence) of peers and other consumers, respectively, could influence consumers' propensity to purchase popular brands (i.e., a market leader) within a given product category. Consumers at a supermarket were observed when standing in front of a spice shelf and their choices were analyzed as a function of whether they shopped alone or in the presence of peers versus other consumers. The results revealed that peer presence, but not the mere presence of other consumers, increased consumers' inclination to make popular brand choices, and that this effect was mediated by their stated familiarity with the chosen brand. As such, peer presence seems to increase consumers’ reliance on heuristics and the accessibility of concepts linked to popularity, leading to congruent popular brand choices. Moreover, consumers shopping in the presence of others generally took a longer time before choosing a brand and touched slightly more products in the presence of other consumers. Taken together, these results contribute to theory refinement in social influence from ecologically valid conditions and offer a set of implications for companies, store managers, and people working in the food industry.     

Disaster‐Relief Logistics With Limited Fuel Supply

Disaster‐relief logistics consists of providing adequate emergency supplies rapidly to the affected people so as to minimize human suffering and death. This study empirically examines the impact that the shortage of fuel, a commonly encountered problem in many disaster situations, can have on the effectiveness of disaster‐relief logistics operations. We focus on investigating the following two issues: (1) whether the shortage of fuel is more damaging in attaining logistical goals than the equivalent‐sized shortage in emergency supplies themselves, and (2) what types of vehicles should be used when the fuel supply is limited. Results suggest that the shortage of fuel may be more damaging than the shortage of emergency supplies, and that smaller trucks may be preferred to larger trucks when the shortage of fuel becomes severe.     

Metaheuristics in Logistics and Supply Chain Management

The modeling of logistics systems is performed to seek the best possible system configuration to minimize costs or maximize operational performance, in order to meet or exceed customer expectations. Classically, analytic system analysis of this type has been performed using optimization, simulation, or heuristics. However, in the past two decades, a newer class of techniques, metaheuristics, has emerged as a capable method for quickly providing near‐optimal solutions for problems that exact optimization cannot solve. This article outlines recent advances in metaheuristics development, and considers the ability of these advanced techniques to resolve various logistics and supply chain problem types. Specifically, the article discusses the ant colony optimization, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and tabu search metaheuristics. The capabilities of these metaheuristic techniques to examine supply chain risk and disruptions, intermodal operations, customer service trade‐offs, backhaul strategies, and simultaneous facility location and vehicle route problems are proposed. The article concludes by describing how faculty can bring these techniques into the classroom to ensure their students enter the logistics and supply chain field with a current and relevant understanding of the state of the art in supply chain design techniques.