Estimating Default Probabilities Implicit in Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities (CMBS)

This paper uses a structural credit risk model, providing an analytical formula to estimate default probabilities implicit in commercial mortgage backed security prices. Empirical studies of CMBS default have focused on the probability of default depending on loan characteristics at the origination and market indices. Recent studies show that unobservable current loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is a key state variable driving default. We update this variable using Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) property-type indices over time. Later, we employ first passage time approach to study CMBS default using implied LTV.

德国公司违约概率预测及其对我国信用风险管理的启示

内部信用评级是新巴塞尔资本协议的核心,而违约概率的预测又是内部评级的基础。本文利用具有出色分类功能的非线性支持向量分类(SVC)方法来预测德国公司的违约概率,识别其信用风险。结果显示,SVC模型的预测能力优于基准的logit模型;而且非线性SVC模型能够捕捉线性logit模型所不能识别的影响信用风险的重要变量。本文虽然分析的是德国公司数据,但是同样对我国商业银行和公司构建全面风险管理体系有着直接的指导意义。     

Counterparty Risk for Credit Default Swaps: Markov Chain Interacting Intensities Model with Stochastic Intensity

We analyze the counterparty risk for credit default swaps using the Markov chain model of portfolio credit risk of multiple obligors with interacting default intensity processes. The default correlation between the protection seller and underlying entity is modeled by an increment in default intensity upon the occurrence of an external shock event. The arrival of the shock event is a Cox process whose stochastic intensity is assumed to follow an affine diffusion process with jumps. We examine how the correlated default risks between the protection seller and the underlying entity may affect the credit default premium in a credit default swap.     

An Empirical Comparison of Credit Spreads between the Bond Market and the Credit Default Swap Market

This paper compares the pricing of credit risk in the bond market and the fast-growing credit default swap (CDS) market. The cointegration test confirms that the theoretical parity relationship between the two credit spreads holds as a long-run equilibrium condition. Nevertheless, substantial deviation from the parity can arise in the short run. The panel data study and the VECM analysis both suggest that the deviation is largely due to the higher responsiveness of CDS premia to changes in credit conditions. Moreover, it exhibits a certain degree of persistence in that only 10% of price discrepancies can be removed within a business day.     

A Model of Return Volatility with Application to Estimating Relative Risk Aversion

We estimate a monthly return volatility model that allows for the abrupt changes in volatility often observed in returns data. Using this model we are able to identify key months likely to correspond to draws from a high volatility regime. Using our model in conjunction with Merton's (1980) model relating expected risk premia to risk we obtain reasonable estimates of the coefficient of relative risk aversion.     

小企业贷款的信用风险与化解策略

作为小企业间接融资的首选渠道,商业银行在其中扮演着非常重要的角色。然而小企业贷款对于商业银行而言,存在风险高、成本高、效率低、收益低的现象。文章对小企业存在的信用风险进行了分析,并提出了政策建议。     

我国农林牧渔业短期贷款企业违约判别实证分析

近几年,我国农林牧渔业短期贷款企业的违约严重程度一直居所有行业之首,从跨行业的角度评估该行业短期贷款企业的违约具有重要意义。本文基于全国跨银行的贷款企业海量数据库样本,针对农林牧渔业的短期贷款企业进行了分规模和分地区样本的多元判别分析模型、Logistic模型与神经网络模型等的构建与实证探索,进而找出了影响我国农林牧渔业企业违约的关键变量,构建了最佳违约判别模型。这些关键变量和判别模型对中国人民银行和各商业银行监测该行业企业的信用风险具有重要的参考价值。     

我国农林牧渔业短期贷款企业违约判别实证分析

近几年，我国农林牧渔业短期贷款企业的违约严重程度一直居所有行业之首，从跨行业的角度评估该行业短期贷款企业的违约具有重要意义。本文基于全国跨银行的贷款企业海量数据库样本，针对农林牧渔业的短期贷款企业进行了分规模和分地区样本的多元判别分析模型、Logistic模型与神经网络模型等的构建与实证探索，进而找出了影响我国农林牧渔业企业违约的关键变量，构建了最佳违约判别模型。这些关键变量和判别模型对中国人民银行和各商业银行监测该行业企业的信用风险具有重要的参考价值。     

对农村信用社发展社团贷款的实践与思考

面对竞争压力,如何拓展业务、增加盈利,对于目前的农信社来说,无疑也和对体制的改革一样重要。在这一背景下,农信社应通过加强社与社之间的合作,培育和开发社团贷款市场,使其逐渐发展成为农信社极具竞争力和盈利能力的核心业务之一。     

Default risk premium and asset prices

We estimate a standard structural model of credit risk to draw insights about the premium demanded by investors for bearing default risk, using data on credit default swaps and market capitalization. We pin down the daily market value of assets for a set of non-financial firms and uncover cross-sectional heterogeneity in terms of the magnitude and time variation of the premium. By exploring the link between asset and default risk premia, we show that this heterogeneity closely depends on the relationship between the firm-specific market value of the assets and the business cycle.     

The Sensitivity of the Loss Given Default Rate to Systematic Risk: New Empirical Evidence on Bank Loans

We verify the existence of a relation between loss given default rate (LGDR) and macroeconomic conditions by examining 11,649 bank loans concerning the Italian market. Using both the univariate and multivariate analyses, we pinpoint diverse macroeconomic explanatory variables for LGDR on loans to households and SMEs. For households, LGDR is more sensitive to the default-to-loan ratio, the unemployment rate, and household consumption. For SMEs, LGDR is influenced by the total number of employed people and the GDP growth rate. These findings corroborate the Basel Committee’s provision that LGDR quantification process must identify distinct downturn conditions for each supervisory asset class.

信用违约风险传染模型的比较研究

本文试图对几种有代表性的模型进行比较,来分析由于建模方式的不同,而导致的对信用期权定价和对冲的结果的不同.如果将违约风险传染考虑进去,类似德隆帝国崩溃的事件,或许就能避免.     

Predicting Prepayment and Default Risks of Unsecured Consumer Loans in Online Lending

Online lending provides a means of fast financing for borrowers based on their creditworthiness. However, borrowers may undermine this agreement due to early repayment or default, which are two major concerns for the platform and lenders, since both affect the profitability of a loan. While default risk is frequently focused on credit scoring literature, prepayment has received much less attention, despite a higher prepayment rate being observed in online lending when compared with default. This article uses multivariate logistic regression to predict the probability of both the underlying prepayment and default risks. Real consumer lending data of 140,605 unsecured loans provides evidence that these two events have their own distinct patterns. We consider systemic risk by incorporating macroeconomic factors in modeling and address the influence of economic conditions, which are lessons learnt from the last financial crisis. The out-of-sample validation has shown that both prepayment and default can be accurately predicted. This article highlights the necessity of regulations on prepayment given the fast growing online lending market.     

主权信用违约互换的运作及启示

欧洲各国主权债务危机的频发,使得主权CDS在全球范围内备受瞩目。本文分析了主权CDS的市场发展状况、运作及定价机制;考察欧洲主权债务危机中主权CDS的行为;提出对我国地方政府债务问题的启示。研究发现:(1)主权CDS息差变化受到了欧元区因素、本国因素、投机和代理对冲的影响;(2)短期主权CDS供不应求;(3)禁止主权CDS的裸卖空交易存在不合理性;(4)西欧主权风险外溢使得东欧及新兴市场国家的主权CDS市场波动加剧。     

Credit Risk and the Term Structure of Lease Rates: A Reduced Form Approach

Previous research either assumes default free leases or leases subject to default risk using a structural approach. However, structural credit risk models suffer from a common criticism that the firm’s asset value process is unobservable. We develop a reduced form credit risk model for leases that avoids making assumptions regarding unobservable asset valuation processes. Furthermore, we assume a correlated market and credit risk that provides us with a simple analytic formula for valuing defaultable lease contracts. Numerical analysis reveals that tenant credit risk can have a substantial impact on the term structure of leases. Finally, we use the model to demonstrate the implied lease term structure for a set of retail and financial firms in the Fall of 2000.

Cyclical correlations, credit contagion, and portfolio losses

We model aggregate credit losses on large portfolios of financial positions contracted with firms subject to both cyclical default correlation and direct default contagion processes. Cyclical correlation is due to the dependence of firms on common economic factors. Contagion is associated with the local interaction of firms with their business partners. We provide an explicit normal approximation of the distribution of portfolio losses. We quantify the relation between the variability of global economic fundamentals, strength of local firm interaction, and the fluctuation of losses. We find that cyclical oscillations in fundamentals dominate average losses, while local interaction causes additional fluctuations of losses around their average. The strength of the contagion-induced loss variability depends on the complexity of the business partner network.     

经济波动、不良贷款与银行业系统性风险

在全球经济变动及宏观经济不确定性增强的背景下,中国经济波动的信贷周期及银行亲周期性的双重特征极易触发银行业的系统性风险。本文以经济波动与不良贷款的关系为切入点,采用时间序列分析方法系统地研究了上述问题并证明了二者之间的因果关系。基于研究结论,本文提出了研究、评估经济波动对银行业的潜在影响、审慎使用信用风险模型、实施差别化的调控政策、推进银行战略转型等政策建议,以有效预防银行业的系统性风险。     

国有企业债券集中违约风险与对策研究

社会主义市场经济是法治经济和信用经济的有机统一,而企业信用尤其国有企业信用是我国市场经济持续健康发展的重要基石.针对近期频繁发生的国有企业债券违约风险及其根源进行研究后发现:国有企业债券频繁违约甚至恶意违约,容易导致国有企业的信用体系坍塌,并释放区域系统性金融风险和当地金融生态严重恶化的信号;究其原因,尽管有经济增长放缓、新冠肺炎疫情冲击、叠加市场大幅波动的外部原因,但根源还是在于这些国有企业“重投资的规模和速度情结”“重债务的融资和管控失序”和“经营恶化和现金流失控”等内部原因.为此,建议从推进国有企业债务透明度建设、建立国有企业债务风险预警系统、强化国有企业债券违约问责机制、完善国有企业投融资决策制度等四个方面着力防范化解国有企业债券违约风险,实现国有企业高质量发展.     

信用违约互换定价机制的缺陷与金融危机的产生

在分析信用违约互换的定价机制在次贷危机中所暴露的缺陷的基础上,提出同时考虑会计信息和市场信息的综合模型,并加入流动性因素,对模型的有效性进行了实证检验,结果表明:综合会计信息与市场信息的模型比单纯依据某一种信息的模型对信用违约互换的定价因素解释程度更高,且加入流动性因素后模型的解释能力增强.     

Estimating Probabilities of Recession in Real Time Using GDP and GDI

This work estimates Markov switching models on real‐time data and shows that the growth rate of gross domestic income (GDI), deflated by the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator, has done a better job recognizing the start of recessions than has the growth rate of real GDP. This result suggests that placing an increased focus on GDI may be useful in assessing the current state of the economy. In addition, the paper shows that the definition of a low‐growth phase in the Markov switching models changed considerably from 1978 to 2005. The models increasingly came to define this phase as an extended period of around zero rather than negative growth, diverging somewhat from the traditional definition of a recession.