Using Choice Experiments to Value the Natura 2000 Nature Conservation Programs in Finland

This paper is concerned with the preferences of the Finnish households for a controversial nature conservation program – the European Union's Natura 2000 Network. Since the program was mainly based on biological considerations, it met strong public opinions from different interest groups in Finland. Using the choice experimental method, we attempt to estimate the values that the Finnish households would place on different preservation levels. It is found that the mean willingness to accept for a decrease in the nature preservation area is much greater than the mean willingness to pay for an increase by the same amount. Also, the marginal willingness to pay becomes zero after an initial increase in the natural preservation area, which is consistent with our earlier findings in a binary choice valuation study. Policy implications of these results are also discussed in relation to different decision criteria.     

Accumulation by Conservation

Following the financial crisis and its aftermath, it is clear that the inherent contradictions of capitalist accumulation have become even more intense and plunged the global economy into unprecedented turmoil and urgency. Governments, business leaders and other elite agents are frantically searching for a new, more stable mode of accumulation. Arguably the most promising is what we call ‘Accumulation by Conservation’ (AbC): a mode of accumulation that takes the negative environmental contradictions of contemporary capitalism as its departure for a newfound ‘sustainable’ model of accumulation for the future. Under slogans such as payments for environmental services, the Green Economy, and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, public, private and non-governmental sectors seek ways to turn the non-material use of nature into capital that can simultaneously ‘save’ the environment and establish long-term modes of capital accumulation. In the paper, we conceptualise and interrogate the grand claim of AbC and argue that it should be seen as a denial of the negative environmental impacts of ‘business as usual’ capitalism. We evaluate AbC's attempt to compel nature to pay for itself and conclude by speculating whether this dynamic signals the impending end of the current global cycle of accumulation altogether.     

自然保护区旅游资源调查与评价——以西藏雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区为例

以雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区作为研究对象,在收集相关资料和实地调查的基础上,依据,依据国家标准《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》（GB/T18972-2003）对该自然保护区的旅游资源进行了分类与评价。研究表明,雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区旅游资源可以分为8个主类,27亚类,98个基本类型,旅游资源单体多达295个。通过对主要旅游资源单体的评价,可以得知雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区内不仅旅游资源丰富、类型多样、特色显著,而且优良级旅游资源众多、旅游资源品位极高,是开展高端生态旅游和特种旅游的理想场所。     

建立新型的自然观、环境观--论工程伦理学的重要哲学基础

In the modern project, how to understand and deal with the relationship between man and nature correctly, and how to treat ecology, resource, lives of animals and plants correctly have become the outstanding and urgent subjects day by day. This article illustrated that the new views of nature and environment are the important philosophical foundation of project ethics from three aspects: the recognition of the relationship between man and nature, the meditation of traditional mode of production, and the ecological and environmental consciousness.     

Establish the New View of Nature and Environment ——The Discussion about the Important Philosophical Foundation of Project Ethics

In the modem project, how to understand and deal with the relationship between man and nature correctly, and how to treat ecology, resource, lives of animals and plants correctly have become the outstanding and urgent subjects day by day. Thee article illustrated that the new views of nature and environment are the important philosophical foundation of project ethics from three aspects： the recognition of the relationship between man and nature, the meditation of traditional mode of production, and the ecological and environmental consciousness.     

Economic evaluation of valsartan in patients with chronic heart failure: results from Val-HeFT adapted to The Netherlands

Summary

The Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) was a multinational randomised trial of valsartan versus placebo in a total of 5,010 patients with heart failure. During the study period, valsartan resulted in significant reductions in hospitalisations due to heart failure.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of valsartan in Dutch heart failure patients.

Resource use during Val-HeFT was multiplied by Dutch cost estimates. Mean patient follow-up was 23 months and costs for hospitalisations were €617 lower among valsartan patients. Mean total costs for valsartan and placebo patients were €8,810 and €8,441, respectively, resulting in incremental costs of €368. In patients receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor but no beta-blocker, these incremental costs were even lower (€171). There were overall net savings of €1,311 in patients not receiving an ACE inhibitor at baseline.

Valsartan provides clinical benefits at modest costs in The Netherlands. In patients not receiving an ACE inhibitor at baseline, valsartan was dominant.     

基于AFAD方法的工程项目组合选择评价模型研究

通过分析工程项目组合选择评价的特点,遵循指标设置的基本原则,构建了工程项目组合选择评价指标体系;集成层次分析法、模糊综合评价法、精确值评价法、数据包络分析法,构建了基于AFAD方法的工程项目组合选择评价模型。最后,通过实例表明该方法在为企业进行工程项目组合选择决策提供有效参考方面的可行性。     

祁连山国家级自然保护区有效管理评价研究

全面调查分析了祁连山国家级自然保护区管理现状,依据《自然保护区有效管理评价技术规范》原则、方法,对甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区有效管理进行了评价,综合评价有效管理质量等级为良,说明祁连山国家级自然保护区管理工作有较好的基础。但是,经费管理、保护管理设施、社区协调性3项指标的评价分较低,工作差距较大。规划设计和生态旅游管理工作还存在很大问题。权属、总体规划、边界、范围、设施设备种类和数量、保护区控制、资源监测、社区参与、生态旅游管理9项指标管理质量等级为中等,管理工作还有很大不足,对保护区建设发展造成了不利影响。     

公共项目分配效果评价指标

采用公平化指数、区域协调发展系数和国民收入分配系数，可以评价公共项目的收益在不同人群和区域的分配效果。本文应用以上述评价指标对秦巴项目进行了投资分配效果分析，结果表明该项目对收入分配的公平化和均衡化有较大贡献。     

自然保护区旅游活动生态干扰评价体系的构建

自然保护区旅游活动的开展在带来巨大经济收益的同时也带来了环境污染、景观破碎化、生物多样性减少等问题.因此,构建合理的旅游活动生态干扰评价体系,探索保护区旅游开发与生态保护的协调规律,对指导自然保护区进行有效开发与科学管理具有重大意义.文章从景观指数与生物多样性指数两个方面构建了自然保护区旅游活动的多指标定量化生态干扰评价体系,对于自然保护区旅游活动的开展具有较好的环境预警作用,能为保护区生态旅游管理者提供有用的信息,以便及时做出科学决策,同时也为自然保护区旅游规划是否符合生态系统保护的要求提供了定量化评价标准.     

基于SEM的建设项目运维阶段节能影响因素研究

在理论分析和因子分析的基础上,提出了建设项目运行和维护阶段节能影响因素的概念模型和研究假设。构建了结构方程模型,利用问卷调查数据对概念模型和研究假设进行了实证检验。结果表明:政府政策对开发商节能技术的选用、项目各参与方的节能意愿均有显著的积极影响,公众认知对用户节能意愿产生显著影响,节能技术对设施管理产生显著影响,设施管理对用户认知产生显著影响;政府政策对节能技术和用户认知的直接影响不显著,设施管理和节能技术对节能意愿的直接影响不显著。     

企业投资项目评价指标体系选择——以湖南邵阳罗城冶炼厂投资项目为例

主要分析了企业投资项目经济评价指标体系的构成以及各指标间的关系,并以湖南邵阳罗城冶炼厂投资项目为例,系统分析了该项目的主要经济评价指标,在此基础上,应用环境评价指标和竞争者评价指标对该项目的经济可行性进行了评价。     

中国自然保护重要历史文物——福建天宝岩禁碑的发现与科学价值

中国古代文化具有朴素的自然保护观,禁约文化和禁碑在历史上对自然资源的保护曾起到过重要作用。2002年,在福建天宝岩国家级自然保护区发现了反映中国自然保护史的重要文物——三块文字完整的清朝禁碑。通过对碑文文字的辨识和解读,我们发现禁碑的主要内容除了严禁采伐竹木、保护好森林外,还包含着许多规范乡民生产、生活方式的内容,而且具备了比较全面的就地保护的管理办法,从中可以看出我国最早的自然保护区的雏形。文章讨论了禁碑对于自然保护的历史意义,指出它们对于塑造和保持群众的自然保护观念以及协调自然保护与生产生活的关系等方面具有重要作用,对于研究自然保护区的管理和立法具有重要的科学价值,对于在当前保护区管理中做好社区宣传、联防、共建管理等方面的工作也有很强的借鉴意义。     

农业高新技术投资项目风险评价

The agricultural high-teeh investment project （AHIP） is eharaeterized by technology-intensive, high risk and great profit. This article analyzes essential factors of the risks of the agricultural high-tech investment projects and the traditional risk evaluation method of agrtcultral projects. We think that the applications of the sensitivity, analysis and probability ore defer. Therefore; this article introduces a structural model to evaluate the risks of the agricultural high-tech investment projects and the system of the concrete evaluation indexes.     

三峡库区秭归县水土保持问题微观探析与对策研究

水土保持工作对长江三峡水利枢纽工程建设有着重要的意义,本文就秭归县为例对其意义、对策作一初略探讨。     

高技术服务业项目评价指标体系初探

在对高技术服务业进行概括分析和总结的基础上,提出了高技术服务业的内涵和特征;通过比较分析高技术创新项目评价和服务评价的指标体系,建立了高技术服务业项目评价指标体系。     

The Effects of Immigration on Regional Unemployment Rates in The Netherlands

The impact of immigration on the change in the unemployment rate in the Netherlands is analyzed using panel data from 26 labor market regions from 1996 through 2003. This study measures immigration through the year-to-year change in the foreign population, paying particular attention to immigrants of non-Western origin. Other variables controlling the composition of the local labor market include: occupation shares, the fractions of workers employed in high- and low-skilled jobs, the fractions of female workers, part-time employees, labor force participants over the age of 55, educational attainment shares, and population density. The ordinary least squares (OLS) results indicate a change in the foreign population in the labor force led to a statistically significant increase in the upward volatility of Dutch unemployment rates while the change in the non-Western share had no significant effect.

基于可持续发展的建设项目后评价问题探讨

建设项目后评价作为项目管理过程中的一个重要环节,从可持续发展对建设项目客观要求的角度出发,建设项目后评价系统不仅突出重视环境资源的价值,而且从动态角度强调对其永续利用、代际公平等,在实现可持续发展的同时更好地发挥后评价的作用,是对项目前期评价工作的补充和完善.     

中国湿地保护初探

本文通过美国和泰国地保护的经验考察,对中国湿地保护的道路进行了初步探讨。     

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》自然观之内在逻辑

马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的自然观的可分为自在自然、对象自然和人化自然三个层次,它们之间是发展的关系而不是对待关系。从三分的发展逻辑这一视角出发,我们能够对自在自然、对象自然和人化自然的内涵进行重新的解读,并发现人与自然关系的内在逻辑演进过程。