淮河流域水污染管制的制度分析

淮河流域是中国水污染最严重的流域之一,也是第一个真正大规模开展水污染管制的流域。在目前的管制制度下,淮河流域的管制是低效率的,虽然短期内政府可以用行政命令的管制方式达到水环境改善的目的,但不能长久。只有建立责任机制和生态补偿机制,改变目前的管制制度,才能提高淮河流域的污染管制效率。     

流域生态补偿中的水资源供应链问题研究

水资源日益短缺及污染加剧,使流域水资源的合理调配成为流域生态补偿机制研究的重要领域.水资源的市场化配置有利于全流域水资源的有效保护和合理开发.流域水资源市场具有典型的供应链特征.将供应链理论和方法应用于流域水资源的市场化配置研究,较为系统地提出流域水资源供应链概念;建立流域两层水资源供应链模型;为提高水资源供应链效益,提出以转移支付方式进行流域水资源供应链协调,并对转移支付标准进行测算;最后提出使流域相关主体有意愿共同参与流域生态保护与补偿的政策建议.     

Sharing a Polluted River Network

A polluted river network is populated with agents (e.g., firms, villages, municipalities, or countries) located upstream and downstream. This river network must be cleaned, the costs of which must be shared among the agents. We model this problem as a cost sharing problem on a tree network. Based on the two theories in international disputes, namely the Absolute Territorial Sovereignty (ATS) and the Unlimited Territorial Integrity (UTI), we propose three different cost sharing methods for the problem. They are the Local Responsibility Sharing (LRS), the Upstream Equal Sharing (UES), and the Downstream Equal Sharing (DES), respectively. The LRS and the UES generalize Ni and Wang (Games Econ Behav 60:176–186, 2007) but the DES is new. The DES is based on a new interpretation of the UTI. We provide axiomatic characterizations for the three methods. We also show that they coincide with the Shapley values of the three different games that can be defined for the problem. Moreover, we show that they are in the cores of the three games, respectively. Our methods can shed light on pollution abatement of a river network with multiple sovereignties.     

钱塘江流域水生态补偿机制的实证研究

随着城乡安全饮用水问题的日益严峻,建立流域水生态补偿机制迫在眉睫.本文以钱塘江流域为例,对水生态补偿机制进行了实证分析.实证结果显示,钱塘江流域多数断面不符合浙江省水功能区划要求,跨界水污染现象显著.为改善流域水质,急需建立"污染者付费"的补偿机制.本文依据"治污成本"数据,测算了补偿标准,设计了"功能区目标水质差额法"和"出入境水质差额法"两种补偿方案,并模拟测算了杭州一桐乡断面的年度补偿金额.研究结论对于流域构建水生态补偿机制具有一定借鉴意义.     

Revenue Sharing Rules for International Telephony

The method for settling telecommunications payments between operators in different countries is the reciprocal accounting rate system. This is a discriminatory system, because different operators pay different prices to access the same national network and these price differences are not related to different costs of providing the service.Reforms of the accounting rate system are currently under discussion in international organizations. In this paper we study the effects of the existing regime and of the main alternative proposal, the international traffic terminating fee, on the retail price of international telephone calls.Our main result is that the current regime of reciprocal accounting rates may determine lower prices than the proposed alternative system.     

明清以来晋水流域之水案与乡村社会

本文以明清以来晋水流域大量水案为线索 ,探讨了国家与地方社会各方力量对乡村水权控制与争夺过程中的互动关系 ,进而提出了晋水流域以水为中心的社会运行模式。     

基于生态用水的塔里木河流域环境水价及其计量模型研究

本文研究表明,在塔里木河流域,生态用水是生态环境的重要保证,这使未来塔里木河流域农业水价中的环境水价调整是以流域生态环境外部成本补偿为目的的,自然生态用水也是塔里木河流域环境水价计量的基础,而且塔里木河流域环境水价的价格计量也主要是以维持塔里木河流域生态环境用水转化为不同用途用水收益为依据的.在此基础上,本文还探讨了未来塔里木河流域环境水价的计价模型,最后提出塔里木河流域未来环境水价调整的生态用水的计量及其与用水户承受力和节水激励的关系,这是塔里木河流域环境水价调整可行性的关键.总之,本文的研究不仅是塔里木河流域未来环境水价调整的理论指导,而且对于流域生态环境保护具有一定的理论和实际指导意义.     

关于完善石羊河流域水资源管理体制的思考

水资源管理体制是水资源管理的机构设置和权限划分等方面的体系和制度的总称。一个健全、合理的水资源体制,是合理开发利用和有效保护水资源以及防治水害的重要保证。完善和改革石羊河流域水资源管理体制,可以强化和提高石羊河流域水资源的保护和利用,促进石羊河流域经济、社会和生态环境的可持续发展。对石羊河流域的生态恢复和重建具有十分重要的意义。     

塔里木河流域水资源开发利用低碳技术研究

考虑到目前气候变化所引发的极端水文灾难事件,已经威胁到塔里木河流域水资源供给系统,呼吁建立应对气候变化的有效战略、政策和对策,加强塔里木河流域的统一管理,优化配置水资源并坚持科学发展观,贯彻可持续合理开发利用区域水资源的方针,深入研究探索低碳水资源开发利用技术并加以推广应用,开展极端气候变化对塔里木河流域水资源影响及应对措施的研究。为当地经济建设、社会稳定和民族团结创造必要的物质条件而努力。     

基于层次分析决策法的新疆阜康三工河流域水量分配研究

水量分配是明晰流域初始水权的基础,也是深化流域水资源管理的需要。新疆阜康三工河流域地处天山北坡经济带,人口集中,工业较密集,水资源供需矛盾突出。如何以有限的水资源支撑区域经济社会的可持续发展,是该流域水量分配面临的主要难题。从调查流域基本情况入手,在注重公平、适度兼顾效率的原则下,运用层次分析决策法(AHP)拟定流域内各乡、镇、团场(即6个计算分区)的水量分配方案,为干旱区内陆河流域水资源优化配置提供一种量化方法和理论支持。     

Water accounting for the Orange River Basin: An economic perspective on managing a transboundary resource

The framework for water accounting is applied to an international river basin, the Orange River Basin, which is shared among Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and South Africa. Each of the riparian states faces water constraints and relies increasingly on shared international water resources. The countries have adopted the principle of an economic approach to water management, once basin human needs are met, and all but Lesotho have constructed national water accounts to assist in water management. The water accounts for the Orange River Basin bring an economic perspective to water management at the regional level. The accounts include supply and use tables, which are used to compare the contribution to water supply from each riparian state to the amount used. The water accounts are then linked to economic data for each country to calculate water use and productivity by industry and country. There are considerable disparities in water productivity among the countries, which should be taken into account in future decisions about water allocation, pricing and infrastructure development.     

完善长江流域跨界水污染防治法律体系的探讨

构建一套完善的长江流域水污染防治法律体系是保证长江流域水污染防治的基础.通过修订相关法律法规,使之消除不协调的因素;立法协调和协调立法,使新的法律法规相衔接.同时,应制定<长江流域水资源管理法>,使其为长江流域水资源管理确立法律基础.     

国际证券业并购

<正> 20世纪80年代以来,国际证券业不断发生购并(或合并)事件。不断的兼并收购造就了若干家执全球同业之牛耳的券商寡头,共同奠定了欧美证券业全球的翘楚地位。同时,券商的购并使证券业的绩效及市场行为发生了巨大的变化,也对资本市场的发展产生了深远的影响。目前,我国证券业已步入平稳发展阶段,券商也面临成长路径的选择。因此,考察国外证券业购并的背景和绩效,将对我国证券业和券商未来的发展方向提供借鉴和思路。背景与动因据统计,在1985～1997年间,被美国本土金融机构(包括商业银行、证券公司     

International Risk Sharing and the Transmission of Productivity Shocks

This paper shows that standard international business cycle models can be reconciled with the empirical evidence on the lack of consumption risk sharing. First, we show analytically that with incomplete asset markets productivity disturbances can have large uninsurable effects on wealth, depending on the value of the trade elasticity and shock persistence. Second, we investigate these findings quantitatively in a model calibrated to the U.S. economy. With the low trade elasticity estimated via a method of moments procedure, the consumption risk of productivity shocks is magnified by high terms of trade and real exchange rate (RER) volatility. Strong wealth effects in response to shocks raise the demand for domestic goods above supply, crowding out external demand and appreciating the terms of trade and the RER. Building upon the literature on incomplete markets, we then show that similar results are obtained when productivity shocks are nearly permanent, provided the trade elasticity is set equal to the high values consistent with micro-estimates. Under both approaches the model accounts for the low and negative correlation between the RER and relative (domestic to foreign) consumption in the data—the "Backus–Smith puzzle".     

Flexible and Committed Profit Sharing with Wage Bargaining: Implications for Equilibrium Unemployment

We analyze the relationship between profit sharing, employee effort, wage formation and unemployment under different relative timings of the wage and profit sharing decisions. The optimal profit share under commitment exceeds that under flexibility, because through a profit share commitment the firm can induce wage moderation. The negotiated profit sharing depends positively on the bargaining power of trade union and it has both effort-enhancing and wage-moderating effects. Higher profit sharing is shown to reduce equilibrium unemployment under ``sufficiently rigid' labor market institutions, but it can harm employment when labor market ``rigidities' are ``small enough'.     

塔里木河流域未来农业水价调整的需求效应及计量模型研究

基于资源环境水价的农业水价调整,文章探讨了未来塔里木河流域农业水价调整的需求效应分析的目标、特征、内容,并构建了未来农业水价调整的效应分析模型,对其适用性进行了比较.以此为未来农业水价调整的节水效应分析提供理论基础.     

基于PSR模型的黄河流域中心城市水生态文明建设评价

水生态文明建设作为生态文明发展的重要环节,是推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的关键。论文基于压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型构建水生态文明建设评价指标体系,用熵值法计算指标权重,结合物元模型对黄河流域9个中心城市2009年、2012年、2015年和2018年的水生态文明建设水平进行综合评价,进而对区域差异原因进行分析。研究发现:太原、郑州、济南、青岛和呼和浩特的水生态文明建设取得了相对较好的成果;西宁、兰州、银川和西安的水生态文明城市建设有着较大变动幅度。研究结果可以为黄河流域中心城市下阶段水生态文明建设提供依据,为实现黄河流域高质量发展打下牢固的生态基础。     

模糊数学在环境资源价值评估中的应用——以海河流域天津段为例

环境资源是社会经济可持续发展的物质基础,而流域环境资源是其中的重要组成部分.以水环境为基础的流域环境对社会、经济、文化的发展至关重要,因此,对流域环境资源的价值进行评估,并把它纳入到国民经济核算体系当中已成为当前的研究热点.本文首先明晰研究环境资源价值的目的、意义和概念,然后分析环境资源价值的构成,提出一套较为完整的流域环境资源价值评估的理论、原则和方法.在此基础上,以海河流域天津段为例,根据上述环境资源价值评估理论与原则,运用模糊数学工具建立流域环境资源价值评估模型,评价海河流域环境资源的总经济价值,并与传统模糊数学方法加以比较.     

清代皖江流域商品经济发展概况

在清代长江流域东西贸易日渐兴盛这一历史背景下,皖江流域的商品经济有了一定程度的发展,具体表现为商品性农业的发展,商人群体的活跃及城镇经济的发展.但巨大的人口压力、经营观念的落后和农业生产结构调整的缓慢等不利因素也影响了近代皖江流域乃至整个安徽经济的进一步发展.