Climate Change and the Stability of Water Allocation Agreements

We analyse agreements on river water allocation between riparian countries. Besides being efficient, water allocation agreements need to be stable in order to be effective in increasing the efficiency of water use. In this paper we assess the stability of water allocation agreements using a game theoretic model. We consider the effects of climate change and the choice of a sharing rule on stability. Our results show that a decrease in mean river flow decreases the stability of an agreement, while an increased variance can have a positive or a negative effect on stability. An agreement where the downstream country is allocated a fixed amount of water has the lowest stability compared to other sharing rules. These results hold for both constant and flexible non-water transfers.     

流域水资源影子价值的空间模型

河流特定位置污染的累积效应对水质的影响是该点上游取水量和污染排放量的函数。本文分析了在不同的取水和排污机制下维持水质的可能性。我们给出了在环境约束条件下最优的水资源和排污配置分析解。由于累积效应,取水权和排污权的影子价值是因地而异的。     

An economic assessment of the value of tropical river ecosystem services: Heterogeneous preferences among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians

There is a current debate about development of the river and wetland systems of tropical Australia. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal residents of tropical river catchment areas have complex values for these systems which are difficult for decision-makers to accommodate. Aboriginal Australians are a large and growing proportion of the population and are also significant landowners, yet there is little information about the impacts of potential development scenarios on the welfare of Aboriginal Australians that can be used in benefit–cost analyses. This paper reports the application of a choice experiment to assess the potential impact of development/management strategies for three tropical rivers in Australia, and explores the differences between the preferences of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians living in the catchment areas. Most respondents preferred healthy river systems that are managed under conservation schemes even if this comes at a private cost. The willingness-to-pay of Aboriginal Australians was significantly higher than that of non-Aboriginal Australians for some river attributes, particularly those related to cultural values. Aboriginal respondents were also indifferent towards the extraction of water for irrigated agriculture while non-Aboriginal respondents preferred moderate rather than large or small scale use.     

流域水资源管理综合集成研讨厅探讨

针对日趋严重的水资源冲突,提出把综合集成研讨厅理论应用到流域水资源管理中,构建了流域水资源管理综合集成研讨厅的理论体系及其框架,分析了流域水资源管理综合集成研讨厅的运行流程。     

诉讼风险、资金持有与企业资产配置

本文以企业的固定资产和金融资产配置为切入点,选用2001—2015年所有A股非金融类上市公司的诉讼数据,实证检验了诉讼风险对企业资产配置决策的影响。结果表明,诉讼风险对企业资产配置具有负向调节作用,尤其显著缩减了金融资产的配置规模和比例;诉讼风险对非国有企业及中西部地区企业资产配置的冲击更为明显;诉讼风险的作用机理是资金削弱效应,即减少内部可用现金流和提高外部可融资金成本。本文的研究为我国市场经济法制建设的完善和企业投融资决策提供了启示。     

Understanding the evolution and performance of water markets and allocation policy: A transaction costs analysis framework

Water markets and associated allocation policy reforms have struggled to achieve their intended goals in many water-stressed rivers, in part due to the institutional friction imposed by transition and transaction costs. This paper elaborates a transaction costs analysis framework to examine the evolution and performance of water markets and allocation policy reforms. This analysis rests on three pillars: i) a synthesis of three theoretical traditions of institutional analysis (Williamson, North, and Ostrom) often considered independently; ii) a framework to examine the types and interactions of transaction costs in market-based water allocation over time; and iii) an illustrative analysis of three large river basins – the Colorado, Columbia and Murray–Darling – with varying levels of success in market-based water policy reforms. The resulting framework accounts for water's complexity as an economic good. This framework and the case studies lead to the identification of several policy implications including the need for: a multiphase sequencing of reform, strategic investment in institutional transition costs, and institutional choices that preserve future flexibility to adjust water rights and diversion limits to manage social and environmental externalities.     

武汉市产业结构优化与资本配置效率关系的回归分析

行业成长性的变动与中部地区资本流动的变动之间存在着互动关系。从Jeffrey Wurgler提出的行业配置效率模型出发,借助SPSS软件,运用武汉市工业行业数据进行实证研究,从中发现武汉市工业行业的资本配置效率。研究结果表明,武汉市固定资产增加额与利润总额增加值之间存在较高的线性相关性,整体的资本配置水平高于全国的资本配置水平,但行业间的差异较大。     

Water accounting for the Orange River Basin: An economic perspective on managing a transboundary resource

The framework for water accounting is applied to an international river basin, the Orange River Basin, which is shared among Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and South Africa. Each of the riparian states faces water constraints and relies increasingly on shared international water resources. The countries have adopted the principle of an economic approach to water management, once basin human needs are met, and all but Lesotho have constructed national water accounts to assist in water management. The water accounts for the Orange River Basin bring an economic perspective to water management at the regional level. The accounts include supply and use tables, which are used to compare the contribution to water supply from each riparian state to the amount used. The water accounts are then linked to economic data for each country to calculate water use and productivity by industry and country. There are considerable disparities in water productivity among the countries, which should be taken into account in future decisions about water allocation, pricing and infrastructure development.     

Hydro-economic river basin modelling: The application of a holistic surface-groundwater model to assess opportunity costs of water use in Spain

Combined hydro-economic models of river basins are fundamental tools for assessing management and infrastructure strategies to improve the economic efficiency of water use in a context of competition over scarce water resources. Integrated hydro-economic models have to be capable to properly reproduce the physical behavior of the system, with a realistic representation of the different surface and groundwater resources, including their interaction, and the spatial and temporal variability of resource availability. On the other hand, such models must incorporate the value of water for different urban, agricultural and industrial uses and users. Economic values for water use are defined according to the marginal residual value of water for production (for agricultural and industrial uses) or the aggregated willingness-to-pay (WTP) for urban supply and other final water uses. In this paper, we present a systematic approach to estimate the marginal economic value of surface and groundwater resources at different locations within a complex water resources system. Based on a holistic conjunctive optimization model applied to the Adra river system in Spain we asses the total and marginal opportunity costs of capacity and operation constraints, including the opportunity cost of imposing environmental constraints on water use as foreseen in future Spanish water policy following the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive. The resulting opportunity costs provide important information to water managers about economic inefficiencies of current water allocation policy or infrastructure design, and about the resource opportunity costs to be considered in the design of efficient pricing policies in regions with water scarcity issues.     

上市公司大股东控制下的资本配置行为研究——基于控制权收益视角的实证分析

基于控制权收益①驱动公司资本配置行为的理论阐释,结合我国上市公司特有的股权结构及其导致的控制权分配格局,文章从固定资产投资和股权投资两个方面,对形成我国上市公司控制权收益的资本配置行为进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:(1)控制权收益水平与资本配置规模显著正相关;(2)控制权收益水平越高,则增加等量控制权收益所需的资本配置规模就越大;(3)较固定资产投资而言,通过股权并购方式取得控制权收益的代价较低,但控制性股东占有被并购公司控制权收益的比例也较低;(4)上市公司资本配置行为在形成控制权收益的同时并没有通过提高公司业绩而增加控制权的共享收益,资本配置决策在很大程度上是大股东控制下的自利行为。     

快速城市化的滨江城区内涝治理研究——以广州市中心城区为例

以广州中心城区为例,分析了快速城市化过程中滨江城市演进与城区内涝的关系和形成机理。研究结果表明,1988年至2005年期间,滨江城区的扩展造成植被等透水面的大量减少,河涌、人工湖及内河水系出现淤积、堵塞并污染严重。江面束窄致使珠江水位异常壅高,而低平地势难以在短时间内排掉极端降雨过程形成的高峰流量,导致城区水涝的频繁发生。提出增加沿江低地势区域的滞水空间和疏通河涌等河网水系等内涝治理措施。     

基于虚拟水视角的东北粮食作物发展战略分析

本文主要研究我国东北地区主要粮食作物的虚拟水含量以及东北三省的虚拟水流量,一方面旨在为东北地区粮食作物的布局和贸易战略调整提供依据,另一方面也为我国粮食安全和水安全的宏观调控提供政策依据。本文基于联合国粮农组织提供的CropWat软件以及ClimWat数据库来计算粮食作物虚拟水含量,采用联合国教科文组织水资源教育研究院提供的虚拟水相关公式来计算虚拟水流量,得出了东北三省五种主要粮食作物2000—2007年的虚拟水含量及该地区虚拟水的时序流量。最后得出结论:东北地区的粮食作物具有普遍的节水种植优势;东北地区的虚拟水输出量可观,进入量稀少。     

Strategyproof and Nonbossy Multiple Assignments

We consider the allocation of heterogeneous indivisible objects without using monetary transfers. Each agent may be assigned more than one object. We show that an allocation rule is strategyproof, nonbossy, and satisfies citizen sovereignty if and only if it is a sequential dictatorship . In a sequential dictatorship agents are assigned their favorite objects that are still available, according to a sequentially endogenously determined hierarchy of the agents. We also establish that replacing nonbossiness by a stronger criterion restricts the characterized class of allocation rules to serial dictatorships , in which the hierarchy of the agents is fixed a priori.     

湖北省行业资本配置效率实证研究

本文使用了W urgler的模型[1]对湖北省的各行业固定资产增加值与利润总额增加值进行线性回归分析,并由模型回归出的弹性系数来分析湖北省各行业的资本配置效率[2]。分析结果表明,固定资产增加额与利润总额增加值之间存在较高的线性相关性,整体资本配置水平高于全国的资本配置水平,而且市场的配置状况与非市场的配置状况呈现出显著负相关关系。     

广东水权制度改革与水市场建设思路

水权是水资源管理机制的重要构成部分。在水资源短缺的情况下,建立可交易的水权制度能够提高水资源在不同用水部门或用水地区的配置效率。本文在剖析广东省现行水权制度的基础上,探讨了合理配置水资源的水权制度,提出了建设水市场的建议。     

Fresh surface water resource allocation between Bulgaria and Greece

This paper addresses the important issue of transboundary sharing of fresh surface water resources, including quantity and quality dimensions. It carves a simple economic model of the benefits which can be generated by maximizing the joint profits earned, when the resource is shared efficiently between two countries. The appropriate policy instrument towards this end is a bilateral agreement to charge the same water price to all water users in a given sector. Market clearance will then follow to determine the optimal water price. The case of the Nestos river flowing through Bulgaria and Greece, but overexploited by Bulgaria, in the Balkans is used as a case study. The empirical estimation of a fixed proportions production function for corn derives a marginal water value of the Nestos water for Greece. This value, which applies under the current non-cooperative solution, is higher than the optimal water price in the cooperative solution.     

基于廊道的结构特征论河流生态廊道设计

河流生态廊道具有提供水源、控制水和矿质养分的流动、过滤污染物、为物种迁移提供通道、维持生境多样性和物种多样性等多种功能。合理设计河流生态廊道,是解决当前人类剧烈活动造成的景观破碎化以及随之而来的众多环境问题的重要措施。从廊道的结构特征出发,对河流生态廊道的基本设计原则进行探讨,指出河流生态廊道的设计应以有效完成其功能为前提,在实际设计中应综合遵循适宜的廊道宽度、增强廊道的连通性、提高景观空间异质性等原则。     

Matching users' rights to available groundwater

The amount of available groundwater in a catchment changes quickly, and the amount of water that users can take sustainably depends on where and when it is taken. However, rights to water tend to be fixed, and obtaining rights to water incurs high transaction costs. As a result, water catchments are over-allocated worldwide.In this paper, I show how a catchment manager could match users' rights to the available water, in near real time, despite uncertain future inflows, while making effective use of all available hydrological data. The solution uses the framework of a smart market. A smart market is a periodic auction cleared with the help of an optimization model. In addition to market clearing, this model allows a convenient means to adjust initial rights, and the auction revenue reflects the available water relative to users' rights. When the auction is revenue neutral, the catchment may be viewed as allocated perfectly. I suggest several ways in which a catchment manager can find this revenue-neutral allocation, assuming the manager has authority to adjust initial rights.     

中国工业行业资本配置效率差异的实证分析——基于32个工业行业的面板数据分析

本文基于Jeffrey Wurgler的资本配置效率模型,采用面板数据的固定效应模型和变系数模型对2001-2006年中国32①个工业行业的资本配置效率进行实证分析,结果显示:中国工业的资本配置效率整体较低且波动较大;工业内部各行业的资本配置效率差异大,具有行业垄断性质的能源资源产业资本配置效率高,传统制造业和装备制造业配置效率低;中国工业的资本配置效率存在很大的区域差异,中部地区工业资本配置效率最高,西部次之,东部地区最低.     

Characterizing the Vickrey combinatorial auction by induction

This note studies the allocation of heterogeneous commodities to agents whose private values for combinations of these commodities are monotonic by inclusion. This setting can accommodate the presence of complementarity and substitutability among the heterogeneous commodities. By using induction logic, we provide an alternative proof of Holmstrom’s (Econometrica 47:1137–1144, 1979) characterization of the Vickrey combinatorial auction as the unique efficient, strategy-proof, and individually rational allocation rule on a smoothly connected domain of value profiles. Our approach is elementary, not involving smoothness, and intuitive in the sense that familiar properties of the single-item second-price auction provide the first step in our induction on the number of auctioned items. Moreover, our method of proof can be applied to domains which may not be smoothly connected, including nonconvex ones. The authors acknowledge the helpful comments of anonymous referee. Serizawa greatly benefited from discussion with Rajat Deb.