中美虚拟土地进口的比较分析

虚拟土地进口相当于进口了国外的土地,增加了可利用的土地资源,可以节约国内一部分农业生产用地,若将这部分土地用于发展工业、建筑业、房地产业等则可以提高土地的使用效率,增加经济效益.中美两国虚拟土地进口所产生的经济效益存在着显著差别,中国虚拟土地进口的经济效益较高,有助于促进经济的快速发展.中国通过虚拟土地进口可以有效解决土地资源短缺制约国家经济发展的问题,对于经济、土地资源的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义.     

虚拟耕地资源投入的农业经济增长"尾效"研究

基于2002—2019年中国省级单元面板数据，在对主要农产品虚拟耕地资源进口量和出口量进行测算的基础上，构建包含虚拟耕地资源的内生经济增长模型，并探讨虚拟耕地资源对于农业经济增长作用机理和“尾效”效应。结果表明：(1)我国主要农产品虚拟耕地资源出口波动幅度大，进口呈线性增长特征，其中，虚拟耕地资源出口品种由单一转向多元化，进口品种以大豆为主，占比高达90%以上；(2)农业经济增长对要素的投入更偏向于虚拟耕地资源进口；(3)我国主要农产品虚拟耕地资源进口和出口对于农业经济增长均表现为“增长红利”，但是虚拟耕地资源出口对农业经济增长的依赖程度较弱，人地矛盾激烈，而虚拟耕地资源进口对农业经济增长的依赖程度较高，人地矛盾缓和。     

虚拟资源在我国粮食问题中的综合应用分析

本文在参照虚拟水概念基础上,引用了虚拟土、虚拟能概念,提出了虚拟资源概念.对2003年南北方主要以粮食为载体的虚拟水、虚拟土、虚拟能含量进行了量化分析与实证研究,得出北方粮食虚拟水含量高于南方0.18m3/kg,并且每万吨粮食需要多占用0.6亩土地,只在虚拟能消耗上略低于南方0.01吨标煤/吨.2003年在国内粮食理想平衡状态下,南方须从北方调入2964.5万吨粮食以填补需求缺口,相当于从北方携带了655.2亿立方米虚拟水、741.1万公顷虚拟土和1041.8万吨标煤的虚拟资源.这在一定时期内平衡了地区粮食的供求,可这能否在全国范围内实现资源的最优配置还值得商榷.     

虚拟资源在我国粮食问题中的综合应用分析

本文在参照虚拟水概念基础上,引用了虚拟土、虚拟能概念,提出了虚拟资源概念。对2003年南北方主要以粮食为载体的虚拟水、虚拟土、虚拟能含量进行了量化分析与实证研究,得出北方粮食虚拟水含量高于南方0．18m3／kg,并且每万吨粮食需要多占用0．6亩土地,只在虚拟能消耗上略低于南方0．01吨标煤／吨。2003年在国内粮食理想平衡状态下,南方须从北方调入2964．5万吨粮食以填补需求缺口,相当于从北方携带了655．2亿立方米虚拟水、7411万公顷虚拟土和1041．8万吨标煤的虚拟资源。这在一定时期内平衡了地区粮食的供求,可这能否在全国范围内实现资源的最优配置还值得商榷。     

货物进口贸易对中国的资源环境效应研究

为了考察中国货物进口贸易带来的资源环境效应,研究选取了2002年、2005年、2007年以及2010年四个时间断面数据,运用投入产出(I-O)分析方法,从规避污染、节省能源资源的角度,对货物进口隐含污染物、隐含能源、隐含二氧化碳以及虚拟水进行核算,进而对具有资源节约和环境保护潜力的进口贸易部门进行辨析。结果表明:货物进口贸易对缓解中国资源环境压力起到了积极作用,一些排污系数、资源消耗系数较高的部门,其进口的资源环境潜力有待进一步挖掘,通过合理地扩大进口,优化进口贸易结构,能进一步发挥进口贸易规避国内资源能源消耗和污染排放的重要作用。     

中国农产品进口对国际市场的影响

为加深对中国农产品进口国际影响的认识,从不同角度分别分析了中国农产品进口对农产品出口国和农产品进口国的影响.研究发现:农产品出口国从中国农产品进口中不同程度地获益,中国农产品进口有助于农产品出口国农业生产结构调整;尽管近年来中国农产品进口大量增加,但全球农产品出口总量也出现大幅增长,中国农产品进口并未减少可供世界其他地区进口的农产品总量;目前,中国大米、小麦、玉米进口量还不足以影响大米、小麦及玉米的国际市场价格,并未增加其他国家低收入群体的基本生活成本.     

基于三元差额视角的中国农产品贸易逆差结构

本文从贸易的种类差额、数量差额和价格差额角度,分析中国农产品贸易总体、不同农产品类别及中国与不同贸易伙伴之间三种差额的表现,预测我国农产品贸易逆差发展趋势.建议对不同产品区别对待,继续发挥水产品、蔬菜、水果和坚果等劳动密集型农产品的比较优势,而土地密集型农产品应在满足粮食自给率前提下,继续利用国际市场满足国内庞大的需求,但应注意避免农产品贸易来源过于集中.     

人民币汇率、消费、价格水平与中国对东盟农产品进口

本文利用2005年1月至2011年6月月度数据通过Johansen协整检验、建立误差修正模型分析了国内居民消费水平、人民币实际有效汇率和农产品进口价格对中国对东盟农产品进口的影响.结果表明:国内居民消费水平变动对中国对东盟农产品进口的影响最大,不论从长期来看还是就短期而言,国内居民消费水平提高都会显著地促进农产品的进口;人民币实际有效汇率的影响次之,人民币实际有效汇率上升在长期内对农产品的进口具有促进作用,短期内却有抑制作用;农产品进口价格的影响最小,农产品进口价格上涨在长期内对农产品的进口具有抑制作用,短期内却有促进作用.     

我国农产品国际进口现状及发展趋势

我国是世界上最大的农产品进口国。随着居民饮食结构不断调整,国内消费者对农产品要求日趋提高,进口规模不断扩大。我国农产品进口品类覆盖粮食、畜产品、食用油等,农产品进口既能满足消费者的需求,也能有效缓解我国的农业资源压力。随着我国农产品产量不断提升,生产结构逐步优化,预计我国农产品进口量存在一定下降空间。建议推动我国农产品进口来源多元化,同时加大农产品替代品的研发应用力度,多方式降低我国农产品进口依存度。     

浙江省促进优势农产品出口的政策研究

浙江省属于东部沿海地区,人多地少,农业资源相对短缺。近年来通过发展效益农业以及在国内率先实现粮食市场化改革,促使农业生产的国内市场分工从以往的土地密集型向劳动密集型方向调整。这种转变是与浙江农产品在国内市场的分工以及我国农产品在国际市场的分工是基本一致的。一、浙江优势农产品出口现状的分析1.农产品出口贸易总量与外向度。浙江是农产品出口大省,2005年,全省农产品出口额为53.39亿美元,比上年同期增长6.76%,占全省出口贸易总额的6.95%。从农产品出口依存度这一指标看(农产品出口值/农业总产值或出口量/生产量),浙江农产品…     

A study of virtual land trade between China and ASEAN based on material flow analysis model

In this paper,based on the material flux analysis model（MFA） and its corresponding theories and algorithms of ＂virtual land＂ virtual land contents of five primary agricultural products are calculated and＂Virtual land trade＂hidden in those imported and exported products are also obtained through analyzing the primary agricultural product trade between China and ASEAN. In the process of calculationl following the thought of Changing agricultural products to ＂Virtual land trade＂land content, trade condition and spatiai distribution of agricultural products Were integratedly considered. indicate that China exported 73;057 km^2 of virtual land area to ASEAN by tea, vegetables; maize and grain, ASEAN exported： 57.332 km^2 to China by natural rubber from 2002 to 2005. It obvious; that china has lost 15,725 km^2 arable land through agricultural product trade, Additionally, in order to process： of calculation Virtual land trade, Thailand taker as an example to analyze its international trade of rice and Wheat from 1991 to 2005 and Calculate their ＂Virtual land trade＂ 2001 through 2005. According to and calculation, it is not difficult to conclude that ＂Virtual land trade＂ very important and could be used for China to guide agricultural export or import Structure and maintain Sustainable use of land resources.     

BILATERAL TRADE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: IMPLICATIONS OF THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

This study's primary objective is to evaluate empirically the economic effects of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The paper emphasizes bilateral trade flows of agricultural and industrial products between the United States and Canada, given that the FTA removes tariff and non-tariff barriers. It evaluates the FTA's impact on the two countries' trade with third countries. The paper specifies a traditional log-linear trade model consisting of import demand and export supply equations for both agricultural and industrial products. It uses quarterly time-series U.S. and Canadian trade data for 1972–1985.
The study uses the two-stage least-squares estimator to estimate the models. The models had R coefficients ranging from 0.78 to 0.99, indicating that the models' explanatory variables explain most causes of variations in the dependent variable. This study reveals that U.S. imports of agricultural and industrial products from Canada were more sensitive than were Canadian imports not only to import and domestic prices but also to world prices. This is because Canadian consumers have less domestic substitutes than do their U.S. counterparts. Also, Canada has a smaller internal market than does the United States. The study estimates that U.S. imports from Canada will increase $2.8 billion while Canadian imports from the United States will increase $1.2 billion. The impact on the two countries' trade with third-party countries will be insignificant.     

The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities

The volume of international trade in agricultural commodities is increasing faster than the global volume of production, which is an indicator of growing international dependencies in the area of food supply. Although less obvious, it also implies growing international dependencies in the field of water supply. By importing food, countries also import water in virtual form. The aim of the paper is to assess the water footprints of Morocco, a semi-arid/arid country, and the Netherlands, a humid country. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water used for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study shows that both Morocco and the Netherlands import more water in virtual form (in the form of water-intensive agricultural commodities) than they export, which makes them dependent on water resources elsewhere in the world. The water footprint calculations show that Morocco depends for 14% on water resources outside its own borders, while the Netherlands depend on foreign water resources for 95%. It is shown that international trade can result in global water saving when a water-intensive commodity is traded from an area where it is produced with high water productivity to an area with lower water productivity. If Morocco had to domestically produce the products that are now imported from the Netherlands, it would require 780 million m³/year. However, the imported products from the Netherlands were actually produced with only 140 million m³/year, which implies a global water saving of 640 million m³/year.     

A Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Trade with Decreasing Transport Costs

Decreasing transport costs are incorporated in the standard partial equilibrium analysis of trade by allowing the divergence—introduced by transport costs—between export and import price to decrease with the volume of trade. When the excess demand (supply) curve is steeper than the long run average cost curve for imports (exports), we observe that an import (export) tariff raises (lowers) the domestic price by an amount exceeding the tariff. Further, when the excess demand (Supply) curve is less steep than the long run average cost curve for imports (exports), the possibility exists that an import (export) tariff may lower (raise) the domestic price. These results lead to the important conclusion that tariffs cannot be used as measures of nominal protection across industries. [F10]     

Trends in Disaggregated Import and Export Prices in Europe: Implications for the Trade and Wages Debate

We consider carefully the evidence from traded prices (as proxied by unit values) concerning the transmission of the effects of globalisation to domestic labour markets. Using standard index number techniques we decompose changes in sectoral import and export unit values into movements due to changes in pure prices of the initial bundle of goods imported or exported and changes due to upgrading of that bundle. Looking at the imports of selected European countries of textiles, clothing and footwear relative to engineering products we find evidence of strongly falling pure prices of the unskilled intensive products relative to the skilled products in the 1980s. This reinforces the view that import prices can capture the impact of globalisation in terms of falling relative prices for products produced with the intensive use of unskilled labour. However, the trends are not common across all the unskilled sectors; footwear is clearly an exception. In the absence of detailed domestic data, we look for reactions by domestic firms to increased import competition in movements in the price and composition of exports. We find evidence of stiff price competition from imports being associated with similar movements in export prices and no support for the view that import competition from low–wage countries has led to upgrading of the quality of exports.     

大豆需求与全球资源的优化配置

供求决定价格,价格又反过来影响供求平衡.一方面,中国对大豆的进口需求是导致国际价格不断上涨的主要原因;另一方面,中国水产品出口价格的下降又刺激了美、日、韩等国对我国大虾消费的需求.大豆豆粕是大虾饲料的主要成分,欧美水产品的消费间接拉动了我国大豆的进口.除此,由于大豆属土地密集型农产品,利润率较低,在耕地资源短缺的条件下,我国应该生产那些劳动力密集、单位产量较高的农作物或收益较好的经济作物,进口土地密集型农作物.因此.进口大豆,出口大虾,符合全球资源的优化配置原则.     

减免东盟农产品进口关税对中国宏观经济和产业影响的可计算一般均衡分析

Chingem模型是一个中国静态CGE模型.在Chingem模型的基础上,按照中国与东盟达成的"早期收获方案",模拟2006年减免东盟原六国农产品进口关税对中国宏观经济和产业的短期影响.研究表明,减免东盟六国农产品进口关税有利于我国经济增长,其中经济增长的动力来源于就业水平的提高;国内价格水平会下降,如CPI下降了0.11%;出口增长高于进口增长,贸易顺差有增加的趋势;促进了制造业的发展,其中纺织部门受益最大;羊毛部门受纺织业的拉动产出增长,而其它的农业和服务业部门影响轻微.     

浙江工业产品贸易的“污染足迹”研究

改革开放以来,浙江省的贸易保持着快速的增长。工业产品作为浙江省对外贸易的绝对主体,每年巨大的贸易顺差,必然给浙江省带来很大的污染成本。文章从＂污染足迹＂的概念出发,利用浙江省各工业部门的对外贸易量及污染物的排放数据进行定量分析,核算出浙江省具有代表性的产业部门的产污系数,进出口污染系数及部门来源。结果表明：浙江省工业产品的对外贸易虽然向海外转移了污染物,但是总体来说,巨大的贸易逆差在浙江省留下了污染足迹核算和分析的结果表明,从1997年到2006年,浙江工业产品出口正慢慢偏向于低污染行业,进口偏向于污染密集型行业;浙江省工业产品出口带来的废水的增长速度最快,而废气和固体废弃物呈缓慢增长趋势;化学工业的进口转移了最多的污染物,而金属采选业的进口转移了最多的固体废气物。     

我国服务贸易进口与制造业出口竞争力关系研究

在统计我国服务贸易进口额和制造业11个重点行业出口额的基础上,以面板数据结合多元回归方法实证服务贸易进口与我国制造业出口竞争力关系。结果显示：①总体上我国服务贸易进口增长有利于制造业出口竞争力的提升;②不同部门服务贸易进口的增长对制造业出口竞争力提升的影响程度存在着较大差异;③服务贸易进口对不同部门制造业出口竞争力的影响也不一样。最后就我国制造业应该如何利用服务贸易进口来提高其出口竞争力提出了针对性的政策建议。     

Export- and Import-Specific Habit Formation

By incorporating good-specific habit formation into the consumption of export and import goods, I examine the dynamic adjustment of a small country to a permanent terms-of-trade deterioration. With differences in the strength of habit formation between export and import goods, the shock affects net output through countervailing income and substitution effects. Unlike in the existing literature, adjacent complementarity is neither necessary nor sufficient for the shock to reduce net foreign assets. When consuming export goods is more habit forming than is consuming import goods, the resulting asymmetric inertia of exports and imports leads the current account to exhibit a J-curve.