Village banking development model: FINCA Costa Rica

The village banking institution, Fundacion Integral Campesina (FINCA) in Costa Rica implements an innovative village banking model in its effort to create financially-sustainable solidarity groups. FINCA trains small community groups in a 22-module program to form Community Credit Enterprises (CCE). These small enterprises, or companies, permit members to buy shares as shareholders and generate capital to offer sustainable credit and business models. FINCA has great success with this model locally and regionally and wonders how best to use its gained experience to expand the program in order to continue creating sustainable businesses through training, business and microfinance services.     

A comparison of produce prices in Costa Rica: farmers' markets,produce markets and supermarkets

Following a review of the history and organization of farmers' markets in Costa Rica, a comparison was made of prices offered to consumers at farmers' markets, produce markets and supermarkets in Costa Rica. Findings reveal there are substantial price savings to Costa Rican consumers that shop at local farmers' markets for fruit and vegetables compared to produce markets and supermarkets.     

Demand‐side housing policy in Costa Rica: a response to the housing deficit

The purpose of this study was to establish what the housing needs of Costa Rica are and to assess what policies have been implemented to respond to their housing deficit. In order to answer these questions, a combined methodology consisting of primary and secondary data was used. Using open‐ended questions and a topic schedule, face‐to‐face interviews with Costa Rican housing authorities were conducted at the interviewee's work place in Costa Rica in May 2003. The most recent secondary data available in the country was used to compute the housing deficit and to study the effects of demographics on current housing needs. Sources of the secondary data were the Costa Rica Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements, and the National Institute of Statistics and Census. The Costa Rican government has made great progress in reforming the housing finance system in order to meet the housing demand of its citizens. In 2002, Costa Rica had a 75.6% home ownership rate. Yet, even in light of the housing system's current success, many social, economic and political barriers threaten to undermine its accomplishments and the peoples’ ability to obtain safe and affordable housing. The paper considers the strengths and weaknesses of the current housing finance system as well as the government strategies for addressing difficulties.     

Meeting the challenge of globalization in Costa Rica

As president of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998, José María Figueres played a key role in transforming the Costa Rican economy, helping to move the country up the value chain in the global production process. Figueres's success in bringing Intel into Costa Rica led to a major shift in the country's main exports—from bananas and coffee to microprocessors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

An Assessment of Consumer Protection and Consumer Empowerment in Costa Rica

The present exploratory study aims to describe and assess Costa Rica’s regime for protecting and empowering consumers. As the general framework, this study used research conducted in the USA, in Europe—specifically studies conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) partners—and studies sponsored by the European Union (EU) in Central America. This paper, however, is not intended to provide an exhaustive analysis or to answer all questions and issues related to consumer protection in Costa Rica; rather, it is to identify the main components of the consumer protection framework, its strategies, consumer redress mechanisms, remedies, and consumer protection challenges faced by the country. The last section outlines a conclusion and presents recommendations for improvement.     

The external trade of the CACM-countries

The Central-American Common Market (Mercado Común Centroamericano — MCC) was established in 1960 and its members are: Costa Rica, EI Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. Purpose of this article is meant to be a reflection on these countries’ development of their external trade during the period 1960–1972.     

On achieving sustainable development: The Costa Rican model

One of the hottest buzzwords in today's global corporate environment is “sustainability.” But long before the topic became “cool,” it was on the mind and on the agenda of Costa Rica's president, José María Figueres. In this well‐thought‐out article, Figueres maps the route that he forged for Costa Rica's future as a developing country leveraging its resources into a model of sustainable development for Latin American emerging economies. Using concrete examples, he explains the thought leadership behind projects that have moved Costa Rica into the forefront of countries doing well by also doing good. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Tests of Random Walk for Latin American Stock Markets: Additional Evidence

ABSTRACT

This study examines the presence of random walk in stock returns in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela using variance-ratio tests as developed by Lo and MacKinlay (1988, 1989) and modified by Chow and Denning (1993). Daily, weekly and monthly index return series over a four- to eight-year sample period is used in the present study. Local currency rather than dollar denominated returns are used to avoid distortions caused by exchange rate behavior. The results indicate that while the return series for Argentina and Costa Rica follow random walk in a consistent manner, the return series for Peru does not, irrespective of the frequency of the data used. The results for the other sample markets vary as different frequency of data is used to estimate the variance-ratios.

RESUMEN. Este estudio examina la presencia del trayecto aleatorio o random walk en el retorno de las inversiones bursátiles realizadas en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, México, Perú y Venezuela, usando la prueba de variación proporcional desarrollada por Lo y MacKinlay (1988, 1989), modificada por Chow y Denning (1993). En este estudio se usa una serie de índices de retorno diarios, semanales y mensuales a lo largo de un período muestra de cuatro a ocho años. También se utiliza como denominar la moneda local en vez del dólar, para evitar cualquier distorsión que pueda llegar a provocar el comportamiento de la tasa cambiaria. Los resultados indican que, mientras que la serie de retornos obtenidos en Argentina y Costa Rica siguen la norma del trayecto aleatorio, Perú no lo hace, independientemente de la frecuencia de los datos usados. Los resultados para otros mercados varían a medida que se utiliza una frecuencia de datos diferente para estimar la variación proporcional.

RESUMO. Este estudo examina a existência de um passeio fortuito no lucro das ações na Argentina, no Brasil, no Chile, na Colômbia, na Costa Rica, no México, no Peru e na Venezuela, utilizando os testes de índice de variância, desenvolvidos por Lo e MacKinlay (1988, 1989) e modificados por Chow e Denning (1993). Séries diárias, semanais e mensais de índices de retorno foram utilizadas neste trabalho, durante um período de amostragem de quatro a oito anos. Foi utilizada a moeda local, em vez do dólar, como parâmetro de retorno, para evitar distorções causadas pelo comportamento das taxas de câmbio. Os resultados indicam que, enquanto as séries de retorno para a Argentina e para a Costa Rica seguem o passeio fortuito de forma consistente, para o Peru isto não procede, independente da freqüência dos dados utilizados. Os resultados dos outros mercados utilizados como amostra, variam, conforme a utilização da freqüência diversa de dados, para avaliar os índices de variância.     

The 2008 Trade Fairs of China in Costa Rica Opens

2008Trade Fairs of the People＇s Republic of China in Costa Rica, hosted by China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, opened grandly on September 11 local time in San Jose International Conference Center.     

Sportsbooks and politicians: Place your bet!

Betting on sports is widespread. Book making can be profitable but the practice is illegal in the United States. The internet allows this activity to move to offshore locations like Costa Rica. The internet also lowers entry barriers and makes pricing more transparent which could lead to hyper competition. Using odds for four World Cup soccer games the case reader can calculate the expected profitability for several bookies (sportsbooks). Price dispersion does not disappear with the internet, even for gambling which entails no movement of merchandise. Strategy is important. Sportsbooks must decide on segments, product mix and geographic scope.     

Economic Democracy, Social Dialogue, and Ethical Analysis: Theory and Practice

The purpose of this article is to present in a summarized form a new approach to the ethical analysis of economic policies and to illustrate its importance with a reference to recent experiences of social dialogue in Costa Rica.A general view of the Latin American scenario is presented, with the belief that some of the main problems there observed call for a type of analysis like the one here proposed. In the second place, a brief characterization of this new ethical analysis is included.Democracy suffers from the existence of asymmetries in social and economic relationships, insofar as the success of political democracy cannot be neither understood nor built up independently from economic democracy. The strengthening of democratic processes in Latin America requires a better understanding and consolidation of the relationship between political democracy and economic democracy. On the other hand, present orientation of globalization makes of the international environment an obstacle to realize democracy at a national level. Hence, two focus of interest arise for the ethical analysis of economics at the macroeconomic level: the study of the ethical conditions of participation for each country in the globalization process, and the realization of an economic democracy within each particular country.After identifying both lines of reflection, this article summarizes the theoretical basis of a proposal for the ethical analysis of economic policy making. This approach attempts to answer the challenges of economic democratization. Centered on the ethical dimension of these processes, and from the point of view of a dialogical ethics, stress is given to those aspects of the process which will guarantee the ethical character of the consequences. This is a methodological approach which tries to discover the ethical values feasible within the economic policies and, at the same time, to go in greater depth in the construction of democratic practices. Rooted in the Latin American regional reality, this academic reflection is just in its beginning and must be considered as complementary to the business ethics analysis already developed in Latin America and Spain.A reference to recent experiences of social dialogue in Costa Rica gives the theoretical presentation a support for the acceptance of its realization in practice.     

Economic and Environmental Benefits of Eliminating Log Export Bans – The Case of Costa Rica

An increasing number of tropical timber‐producing nations have enacted bans on export of logs arguing that this will reduce deforestation, expand downstream wood processing and improve the scale efficiency of domestic processing, create jobs and retain more value‐added nationally. The theoretical literature is clear that trade restrictions are generally welfare reducing (except in special cases such as when there is a potential for an optimal export tax). At best, a log export ban is a second‐best policy tool for reducing deforestation and addressing the associated environmental externalities. In overall terms, the suggestion that log export bans can achieve the objectives expected of them is dubious. However, very little quantitative evidence exists to demonstrate this claim and the paper attempts to address this gap by looking at the economic and environmental impacts of eliminating a log export ban in Costa Rica. The authors argue that eliminating the export ban is Pareto improving and could generate economic gains as high as $14 million per annum with the possibility of relatively modest environmental benefits.     

Current account sustainability in Latin America

This paper examines the sustainability of the current account deficit in eighteen Latin American countries through the analysis of the stationarity properties of the current account balance. First, we apply traditional unit root tests and consider the possibility of structural breaks. Second, since the current account may have a nonlinear behaviour, we test for linearity in the data and analyse current account stationarity by means of a recently developed nonlinear unit root test. Results from linear and nonlinear unit root tests show that current account sustainability is supported for the majority of Latin American countries with the exception of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay. For the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela the current account dynamics are best described by a stationary linear model, and by a stationary linear model with a mean shift in years 2003, 1982 and 1980 in Bolivia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, respectively. In the case of Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador and Guatemala, results show that the current account is best described by a mean-reverting nonlinear process.     

Measuring the Impact of Reserve Requirement Changes Using Interest Rate Spreads: Evidence from Costa Rica

Researchers have proposed several different theories regarding the effects of reserve requirement changes. One theory suggests that reserve requirements represent a tax on financial institutions. This theory is usually tested by examining stock price responses to announced reserve requirement changes. Reliable, historical stock price information for Costa Rica firms is generally not publicly available. In this paper, the spread between deposit rates and loan rates is used as a proxy for firm profitability. The results indicate a complex response to reserve requirement changes that is dependent on bank classification.     

Assessing the Effect of Personal Cultural Orientation on Brand Equity and Revisit Intention: Exploring Destination Branding in Latin America

ABSTRACT

Despite a growing body of work on destination branding, there are few studies to look at culture at the individual level and examine the potential impact of personal cultural orientation on destination brand equity. Based on Social Identity Theory, this study investigates tourists' personal cultural orientation (independent vs. interdependent) and its effect on destination brand equity (destination brand image, destination brand value, and destination brand quality) and revisit intention. All data were collected in Quepos, Costa Rica, using both person-administrated and online surveys. Results of this study reveal that personal cultural orientation impacts the destination brand image, destination brand value, and destination brand quality. In addition, the destination's brand value is positively related to the revisit intention. The theoretical and practical implications, as well as the future research directions, conclude the article.     

International Franchising Decision-Making: A Model for Country Choice

The present study examines how a number of market conditions may drive diffusion of franchising. It considers a sample of 63 Spanish franchisors operating through 2321 franchisee outlets across 20 different Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela in January 2011. Results conclude that geographical and cultural distance between the host and home country, as well as the level of the host country's uncertainty avoidance, individualism, political stability, unemployment rate, market potential, and efficiency of contract enforcement, may drive the spread of international franchising. Results reinforce previous research on country choice as to the association between international franchising and the host country's unemployment rate and cultural distance, but also identify differences from other regions in some issues such as political stability. Moreover, new insights relative to the effect of market potential, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and the efficiency of contract enforcement on international franchise diffusion are also shown.     

Costa Rica

Costa Rica is often cited as a model for Central American economies because of its strong democratic institutions, political stability, and open economy. Foreign investment continues to play a pivotal role in fueling economic growth, particularly in the electronics, services, and medical components sectors. A strong record of social investments has resulted in a superior human resource base, a skilled labor pool, and preservation of its biodiversity. The recent formation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) provides new opportunities for the country but has also increased the pressures for more openness and privatization, particularly in the telecommunications industry, provoking fresh internal debate about the balance between economic growth and preserving social institutional arrangements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

CAFTA-DR Effects on FDI Inflows,Growth, and Distribution of the Workforce in Costa Rica: A System Dynamics Approach

As regional trading arrangements have spread, enlarged, and deepened over the last decades, the study of the relation between trade agreements and foreign direct investment (FDI) still presents difficulties due to the multi-dimensional character of such relationships. This article attempts to shed new light on how some of the Central American Free Trade (CAFTA) policies will impact FDI inflows on the manufacturing and agricultural sectors in Costa Rica. Specifically, we look at how the growth and distribution of the workforce is affected by the treaty. The results show that the agreement provisions will have a positive effect on FDI. From these results it is possible to estimate that in the long run, the implementation of CAFTA has a higher probability of generating the intended benefits. System dynamics modeling is used in this article.     

对中国—智利自由贸易区贸易效应的引力模型分析

近年来,区域经济一体化的进程不断加快,这是世界经济发展的必然结果。随着中国与拉丁美洲经贸关系的不断发展,中国已和智利、秘鲁和哥斯达黎加三个拉美国家签订了自由贸易协定,为双方的贸易带来了可观的收益,极大地推动了中国参与区域经济一体化的进程。本文在综述国内外相关文献的基础上,以中国与智利的自由贸易协定为例,采用引力模型,定量研究两国的经济一体化程度以及区域经济一体化所创造的贸易效应。     

Smaller may be beautiful but is it more risky? Assessing and managing political and economic risk in Costa Rica

The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine how managers assess and manage political and economic risk once their company's foreign direct investment (FDI) is on the ground. Using a qualitative research design involving personal interviews with CEOs/top managers of foreign firms operating in Costa Rica, findings indicate that managers at the subsidiary level generally do not engage in political and economic risk assessment on an ongoing basis, nor do they coordinate risk assessment with MNE headquarters. Propositions are developed that suggest subsidiary size may be more important for determining a firm's political risk than the overall size of the corporation. Also, a firm's political risk may vary over time as the host country's policy priorities change, particularly the policies which favor some industries over others. Findings are expected to contribute to the literature on country risk and bargaining theories as well as to the research on the role of the subsidiary in FDI.