黑龙江省湿地保护与生态旅游开发

黑龙江省是我国面积最大的淡水湿地分布区，原始湿地面积达850万hm^2，占全省土地面积的17．7％，由于多年的开发，现存湿地面积为434万hm^2，占全省土地面积的9．55％。由于近年来加强了湿地保护和退耕还湿，湿地正逐渐恢复，陆续建立了41处湿地类型的自然保护区。在保护湿地的同时，也应合理利用湿地资源，在不影响湿地生态系统平衡的前提下，进行合理开发和利用；就湿地生态旅游开发进行了深入的探讨和研究。     

构建生物栖息乐园——长兴县湿地保护管理的调查

长兴县地处长江下游太湖流域西南岸，浙江省北部，全县地势呈山地、丘陵、平原梯度分布。长兴县域范围湿地可划分为河流湿地、湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地和人工湿地4类17型，湿地面积5．03万公顷，占全县土地总面积的33％。其中天然湿地占全县湿地面积的17％，人工湿地占全县湿地面积的83％。     

大兴安岭地区湿地现状及保护

大兴安岭现存湿地824490hm^2像一座庞大的蓄水库，支撑和维系着大兴安岭寒温带森林生态系统；近几十年来由于湿地开垦、气候变化，用水被截，水质污染等原因，致使该区湿地大幅度减少，亟待实施有效保护。     

沧州市南大港湿地保护对策研究

南大港湿地是在自然因素和人为影响共同作用下形成的半人工滨海沼泽湿地；介绍了南大港湿地及动植物资源，分析了该湿地面临的主要问题并提出了保护对策。     

流水潺潺上远山 碧禾滚滚飞陌巅

湿地是地球上具有多种功能的独特生态系统,是人类赖以生存与发展的资源宝库和环境条件,是国民经济可持续发展的重要支撑。在浙江省西南部,就有一个以湿地闻名全国的"童话世界"——云和。自然风景傍水梯田花溪醉云和是"九山半水半分田"的山区县,瓯江干流龙泉溪自西南向东北蜿蜒出境,为湿地的形成提供了重要基础。县境内湿地资源丰富、湿地类型众多。全县湿地面积占国土面积的8.4%,主要湿地类型有:人工湿地中的湖泊湿地、冬水田、库塘;河流湿地;沼泽湿地类型中的草本沼泽、森林沼泽、灌丛沼泽、沼泽化草甸等。     

我国新增6处国际重要湿地

在第12个世界湿地日到来之际,我国又有6块重要湿地被《湿地公约》列入国际重要湿地名录,使得我国国际重要湿地数量达36处,总面积达380万hm^2。     

嘉兴市湿了资源保护和利用对策

嘉兴市位于太湖流域水网平原、长江三角洲南缘、杭州湾和钱塘江北岸,域内具有丰富的湿地资源,但由于不合理的开发利用导致自然湿地数量持续减少、湿地生态功能退化乃至丧失。通过对嘉兴市湿地类型和特点进行分析,将嘉兴市湿地划分为滨海（江）湿地（滩涂）、河流湿地、湖泊湿地和人工湿地4种类型。探讨了目前嘉兴市湿地环境存在的主要问题,并针对主要制约因素对湿地的保护和合理利用提出了对策与建议。     

第11个“世界湿地日”宣传活动在西溪国家湿地公园举行

2月2日，当第11个“世界湿地日”来临之际，省林业厅，杭州市林水局、西溪国家湿地公园管委会联合在西溪国家湿地公园举行了丰富多彩的主题宣传活动。团省委、省海洋渔业局、省自然博物馆．团市委，杭州市农业局共同协办。省林业厅副厅长祁宏和有关领导、专家参加宣传活动并讲话。免费开放的西溪湿地公园迎来了数以千计的游客，看渔夫们撒网捕鱼，昕专家讲解湿地生物的秘密，为保护宝贵的湿地资源写下寄语。同时，还举办了湿地知识有奖竞答，观看湿地鱼类荨生物标本、湿地保护科普知识咨询、小学生文艺表演等活动。通过活动＋倡导人们从一点一滴做起，爱护湿地，爱护森林，爱护鸟类，保护地球母亲，保护美丽的家园。[第一段]     

湖南洞庭湖区湿地的利用和保护研究

湖南洞庭湖区是我国面积最大的湖泊型湿地分布区之一，其湿地类型众多．分布广泛．演替过程复杂．功能显著．目前．洞庭湖区湿地资源利用和保护中存在利用水平不高、湖泊调蓄功能下降和湿地生态功能衰退等问题．为了合理开发和保护湖区湿地资源．必须大力发展湿地综合农业．稳定湖泊水体湿地面积．加强湿地生态环境建设。     

长沙市湿地资源类型及其特征研究

长沙市湿地包括永久性河流,淡水湖泊,草本沼泽等自然湿地类型;水库、拦河坝、水电坝,淡水养殖池塘,农用池塘、小型水池,废水处理场所,城市景观水面和娱乐水面,灌溉用沟、渠等人工湿地类型.长沙市湿地生态系统不仅为长沙地区提供了大量的生产生活用水和动植物产品等多种资源,同时还是诸多野生动植物的重要栖息地,湿地对于珍稀濒危物种的...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.