农产品电子商务发展中所面临的问题及对策

21世纪以来电子商务作为一种新的商务模式,不仅给工业产品销售提供了一个前所未有的爆发式增长机会,农产品电子商务也应运而生。农产品电子商务是将农业生产者与消费者两者有机结合在一起的高效手段与平台。通过信息的交互以及一系列的交易保障手段,构建一个商务平台,实现了农产品价值链的各方共赢。然而由于种种原因,我国在农产品电子商务领域的发展相较于普通消费品而言,还比较缓慢,随着信息爆发式增长与大数据、云计算在电子商务领域的应用,在农产品交易领域如何快速响应消费市场的需求,及时、合理的调整农业生产,如何促进农产品在电子商务环境下的流转速度,是目前发展农产品电子商务乃至推动农业产业化与现代农业发展必须要解决的问题。此外,对于农产品物流服务质量的提高、食品安全的监控与追溯、交易的安全与诚信机制的建立都是在新时期我国发展农产品电子商务中应当协同发展的内容。     

陕西新型农业经营主体发展存在的问题与对策研究

[目的]培育和发展新型农业经营主体(主要包括专业大户、家庭农场、农民合作社、农业龙头企业等四大主体)是深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革,加快培育农业农村发展新动能,发展现代农业的关键。在分析陕西新型农业经营主体发展存在的问题的基础上,提出促进其进一步发展的对策和建议。[方法]文章运用文献分析和实地调研相结合的研究方法,分析了当前陕西省新型农业经营主体发展的现状和存在的问题。[结果]现状主要表现为数量规模快速发展;经营模式不断创新;辐射带动能力逐步增强;发展环境日益优化,新型职业农民不断壮大等方面。在快速发展的同时,陕西新型农业经营主体发展也面临很多制约因素,即组织化程度低,发展能力普遍较弱;土地流转难,规模化进程缓慢;融资渠道相对单一,融资成本较高;农业科技创新能力弱,农业科技贡献率较低;新型职业农民培育体系不健全,人才缺口较大;政府支持政策不足,政策落实效率不高等因素。[结论]有针对性地提出实施依法推进土地经营权有序流转、创新金融支农机制、健全新型职业农民培训体系、强化农业科技创新、加大政策支持力度等措施,来保障陕西新型农业经营主体进一步发展的土地规模、资金、人才、科技和政策等需求,以增强其持续发展能力。     

全国农业资源一张图研制技术探讨

目的 文章围绕全国农业资源一张图生产需求,借助空间大数据处理技术,研究利用2018年度全国土地变更调查县级成果,加工全国及82个绿色农业先行示范区耕地、草地、水域农业资源空间分布图的关键技术和方法,探索全国农业资源一张图生产技术流程。方法 需求分析和软件研发相结合。结果 基于全国统一地理网格框架,设计由2 880个县级土地利用数据库生产集成化全国耕地、草地、水域空间分布栅格图的技术流程,并开发了一体化处理软件平台,形成了全国、2个省、11地市、69县区多尺度耕地、草地、水域等农业资源一张图。结论 综合采用现代空间信息集成技术,利用国家年度土地变更调查县级土地调查数据快速生产全国农业资源（耕地、草地、水域）一张图栅格数据的技术路线可行,且产品质量可靠,可为全国农业资源管理提供较好的基础数据支撑。     

GRANT-AIDED AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN NATIONAL PARKS

This note records the extent to which agricultural operations were proposed for grant aid in the ten National Parks of England and Wales over the three-year period 1 April 1963 — 31 March 1986. The responses made by the National Park Authorities to the various types of proposal are noted. It is shown that the Park Authorities regarded no more than about 10% of all proposals as in any way damaging and that, in the great majority of cases, any changes they sought were readily agreed.     

PROBLEMS OF THE MULTI-FARM AGENCY IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: SOME OBSERVATIONS FROM EAST AFRICAN EXPERIENCE

In referring to the increase in planning activities in East Africa, this paper concentrates on the institutional aspects of planning for new production. It sets out the need for multi-farm agencies and illustrates by reference to Land Settlement Schemes. Attention is drawn to the non-economic problems involved and of the responsibility (at present) on the economist to speak for other social scientists.     

我国农业景观技术现状、问题及发展战略研究

[目的]农业景观是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,是农业现代化的重要标志;农业景观技术体系是农业景观从规划、设计,到施工、管理、运营的技术过程。温饱问题解决之后,必须践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念,大力发展农业景观,以满足人民日益增长的优美生态环境需要。[方法]主要采用文献分析法。通过查阅文献,总结出我国农业景观技术仍然处于起步阶段,归纳了国外农业景观发展经验,揭示了我国农业景观科技发展面临的问题与挑战,并在此基础上提出了我国农业景观技术发展战略与对策。[结果]将农业景观的发展经验概括为:扎实的基础研究是农业景观规范化的前提,健全的法律法规体系是农业景观制度化的保障,广泛的公众参与是农业景观集约化的基石,有序的管理运作是农业景观专业化的手段,先进的科技水平是农业景观优质化的关键,和谐的城乡关系是农业景观科学化的目的。我国农业景观技术面临的问题与挑战包括:农业景观法律法规与标准体系不适应农业现代化的要求,农业景观不能很好地与相关规划衔接,农业景观技术体系不完善。[结论]提出应实施现代农业战略、标准战略、人才战略、平台战略和示范带动战略,加快推进农业农村现代化,形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局和生活方式。     

国家现代农业产业园建设现状、问题与对策

［目的］现代农业产业园作为探索农业农村发展新模式的重要载体,是推动乡村产业振兴的重要抓手,对其进行深入研究,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。［方法］基于62个国家现代农业产业园的调研,综合性解读现代农业产业园的内涵,系统总结国家现代农业产业园建设成效,深入剖析国家现代农业产业园创建过程中存在的问题,并提出对策建议。［结果］国家现代农业产业园建设取得了积极成效,但存在着主导产业选择非粮化同质化倾向明显、一、二、三产业融合有待深化、农民参与度偏低、财政资金投入方式单一等问题。［结论］需要优化主导产业选择、深入推进一、二、三产业融合、完善利益联结机制、丰富财政资金投入方式、加强监测评价,以更好推进国家现代农业产业园建设。     

PROBLEMS OF CHANGE IN AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

There has been a low level of methodological controversy within the Australian agricultural economics profession. Johnson's 1963 paper is the most significant and in it he passed criticisms on agricultural production economists not unlike those currently being made by political economists of economics in general. These past criticisms have in the main been ignored by the Australian profession but it is suggested that they are now being pushed with renewed vigour and they can no longer be ignored. It is argued that our policy work has by and large been successful and effective except for significant areas where our methodology was of restricted usefulness. In farm management the Johnsonian strictures would seem to apply but a more charitable interpretation is provided which should meet the approval of the political economists. Our almost complete neglect of development economics must soon draw to an end and we will find that the methodologies which we have relied on heavily and fairly successfully must be augmented as we become more involved in this field. The political economics challenge should be recognized and accepted with relish because the nature of our work is changing and will continue to change in the future. We have adapted fairly well as adjustment and equity have become major policy concerns. Meeting the political economics challenge will help this process of adaptation.     

A POST-KENNEDY ROUND LOOK AT SOME PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURAL TRADE

The Kennedy Round, concluded in 1967, ws the most far-reaching in the series of trade negotiations. The United States insisted on the inclusion of agricultural products, with the support of other foodexporting countries. The results for agriculture should not be underestimated. The agreement on cereals gave practical recognition of joint responsibility in food aid. There were also many agricultural tariff concessions. However, it is domestic agricultural policies, not tariffs, which really hamper agricultural trade. The cost of these policies and the extent to which they achieve their objectives are questionable. Competition becomes fiercer for the remaining accessible markets, and export subsidies multiply. The Kennedy Round left the basis problems untouched. It did, however, strengthen the “global” or comprehensive, multilateral approach.     

TESTING FOR INTEGRATION IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT MARKETS

The degree of spatial market integration in European Community agricultural product markets is investigated. The methodology is based on co-integration analysis. A two-step testing procedure is applied to test the existence of the ‘Law of One Price’ which should be in force if these markets are truly integrated. The results show that market integration has not been achieved in a number of cases even when MCAs are subtracted from the price series used.     

现代农业产业园发展现状、问题及对策建议

[目的]现代农业产业园作为农业现代化的标杆和乡村全面振兴的先行,担当着全国农业发展经验总结、探索模式、理论升华的重任,分析国家及各省市县级产业园发展现状、存在问题及对策建议,对壮大农业特色产业和促进农民增收具有重要借鉴意义。[方法]文章利用理论分析和统计分析方法,分析产业园定义内涵和内在要求,利用2017—2021年创建的国家现代农业产业园统计数据,以“国家级—省级—市县级”为基本框架,对各层面产业园创建和认定数量、主导产业发展、科技力量支撑和利益联结机制等进行全面的综合评价,分析存在问题及提出对策建议。[结果]（1）截止2021年底,共批准创建200个国家产业园,其中创建数量超过10个的有江苏省、山东省、广东省和四川省4个省份;（2）主导产业选择涉及粮油、果蔬、茶叶、水产、畜禽、种业和中药材等七大类。（3）但产业园建设仍存在管理服务功夫不到规章制度削足适履、政策创新不够完善、科技支撑不够有力、利益联结不够紧密等问题。[结论]提出应明确各层级产业园定位和目标,建立健全规章制度,加大政策支持,强化科技支撑,加强新型经营主体利益联结等对策建议,以期为现代农业产业园的建设和一、二、三产业融合...     

AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN THE USSR: PROBLEMS,TRENDS AND PROSPECTS

The paper, after presenting a brief profile of USSR agriculture, elaborates on the main goals of USSR agricultural policies as well as on the main instruments used for implementing these policies. It tries to point out the achievements and constraints of these policies which are underlying Mr Gorbachev's efforts towards a reform of the USSR food economy. The main elements of this reform, so far as they have already become visible at this stage, are discussed and the inherent risks are indicated. The paper finishes with a brief speculative look at the possible effects of the reform measures on the world food economy, if they were implemented consistently and successfully.     

TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH*

Agricultural economists need to evaluate their own research priorities. The main difficulty in doing so is to value the types of information generated by economic research. Bayesian decision theory provides a framework for valuing information, and the results of selected studies using this methodology are collated. Most of the other determinants of research priorities can be encapsulated in a target return ratio measure. How such a framework might be used is illustrated by three 'hypotheticals'.     

我国农业高质量发展的机遇、问题及对策研究

[目的]农业高质量发展对于促进农业全面升级、农村全面进步、农民全面发展具有重要意义。[方法]文章采用文献研究法发现,当前,我国农业高质量发展的基础更加坚实,农业高质量发展应更加注重资源节约、更加注重环境友好、更加注重农产品质量、更加注重增加农民收入。[结果]我国农业高质量发展既面临着政策环境更加优越、市场空间更加宽广、创新驱动更加有力、内生动力更加强劲的大好机遇,但也面临着资源条件和生态环境两个"紧箍咒"对农业约束趋紧、农业产业结构亟待优化、农产品结构不尽合理、农产品质量安全水平亟需提升、农业特色优势产业不明晰、农产品区域品牌建设缓慢、农业现代物流业建设滞后等问题。[结论]应从加强顶层设计、推进农业绿色发展、大力优化农业产业结构、加快调整农产品供给结构、着力提升农产品质量安全水平、加快培育特色优势产业、推进农产品区域品牌建设、打造现代农业物流体系等方面推动农业高质量发展,不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。     

EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ?

Agricultural economists are increasingly involved in development planning. Variability in the success of agricultural development projects raises questions about some fundamental concepts; which are re-examined in this paper. In particular, questions relating to the motivation to change, the speed of change and the relationship between technological and institutional change are discussed.     

西部大开发中农业问题的再思考

在当前西部大开发热潮中，基础工业，基础设施及生态环境的建设已被普遍关注，而农业大有被冷落之感，通过对西部农业发展条件的分析认为，农业依然为西部开发的重点产业和基础产业，必须予以高度重视，并提出发展措施。