Rapports de propriété, ségrégation et pratiques de l'espace résidentiel

The aim of the authors is the theoretical reformulation of the question of segregation. In order to do this, they examine in turn psycho-sociological theories, morphological and semiological theories as well as theories of residential location. The authors show how all of these approaches can only define classificatory processes and propose an analysis beginning from those social relations which structure residential consumption; that is, relations of property in housing. Starting from a definition of segregation as a process of exclusive practices of residential space, the authors show how relations of residential property determine two types of segregation: one ‘by antagonism’, based on the valorization of property capital, and one ‘by incongruence’ based on conditions of real appropriation of housing.     

Désurbanisation et développement régional au Viet Nam (1955-77)

Hyper-urbanization has been used in South Vietnam (1960-74) as a strategic weapon to dominate and enslave the country. Since liberation in April 1975, the government has undertaken gradual but large-scale de-urbanization to create favourable conditions for development based on a policy of regional industrialization in support of agriculture. The experience of North Vietnam (1954-75) has proved that it is possible to speed up industrialization and modernization in a poor country without precipitating an exodus from the countryside or huge urban concentrations. However, this policy of decentralized development has its own contradictions.     

L'analyse marxiste de l'état

The differences which have characterized various marxist analyses of the state are to a large extent due to an inability to envisage simultaneously the four major levels of reality of the state, that is:

• 1 The state defined as a ‘developed form of the socialization of the process of production’.
• 2 The state as instrument of domination and hegemony at the service of the dominant class.
• 3 The state as the place of confrontation and unstable balance between antagonistic social classes.
• 4 Finally, the state as a place of rupture or transition between a declining dominant class and a rising dominated class—to take up Gramsci's formulation.

Applied to the analysis of urban capitalist policies, such a dialectical method should enable one to grasp, in all its contradictory aspects, the intervention of the capitalist state in the process of production-consumption. Instead of opposing or isolating these four levels of analysis, it should on the contrary lead to demonstrating how the state apparatus can be understood at the same time as:

• 1 Process of financing and spatial organization of the means of collective consumption.
• 2 Process of social segregation at the profit of the dominant class.
• 3 The place of confrontation between classes with antagonistic interests, confrontation being the result of political concessions to the dominated classes, the nature of these concessions—their real impact—varying according to the historical period considered, and consequently according to the margin of economic man?uvre available to the capitalist class.
• 4 The place of formation of a counter-hegemony which will produce a revolutionary social movement made up of a new rising class, which will bring with it a new urbanistic model as well as a new project of society.

     

Politique du logement de l'état

This article is based on the initial results of research in progress on state housing policies for workers, and notably on a study of policies implemented in Paris and London between 1890 and 1939. The perspective employed is that state housing is an essential means of consumption for the reproduction of a labour force, and it is posited that while public housing relates to a consumption process different from that of the private or ‘assisted’ sectors, all housing policies affect the use-value of a dwelling unit, its con. sumption cost, and mode of occupation. These effects are examined in terms of the historical relationship between housing policies and the productive demands of developing capital. In turn, this relationship is considered within a perspective of class struggle during this period.     

Effet des Evolutions Techniques et des Changements de la Spécialisation Internationale sur les Marchés du Travail et les Systèmes Productifs: Comment les Statisticiens Pourraient-ils Relever les Défis?

Thinking about future needs and about what can reasonably be expected as feasible in the next century, how should producers of statistics direct their activity? Increasing complexity and diversity of needs leads us to recognize that, between producers and users of statistics, a mediating role is more and more often played by analysts and research workers who are requesting above all good data bases. Concerning infrastructures for statistics on productive systems, coordination between accountants and statisticians will be crucial, as well as adaptation of the constraints which, because of excessive worry about confidentiality, could prevent establishment or use of data bases. In an increasingly competitive world, where private firms will sell analyses and informations, particularly on very large enterprises, the public statistical service will remain essential in all respects. Intangible investments, innovations and many aspects of the internal organization of firms will create formidable challenges. Information on employment and labour markets has been much developed during the past decades; but on a few specific and difficult issues progress is still needed: lifecyles in the working-age population, acquisition of knowledge and skills in formal education and on the job, matching labour supplies and demands, and so on. Particular attention will have to be given to the lower levels of cultural and professional skills.     

Sur l'intervention de l'état dans le financement du logement

Magri, S. 1972: Politique du logement et besoins en main d'?uvre. Pinçon, M. 1976: Les HLM. Structure sociale de la population logée, agglomération de Paris. Harvey, D. 1973: Social justice and the city Roberts, J. T. 1976: General improvement areas. Farnborough: National Community Development Project 1975: The poverty of the improvement programme. Lindberg, L. N., Alford, R., Crouch, C. and Offe, C. , editors, 1975: Stress and contradiction in modern capitalism. Perlman, J. E. 1976: The myth of marginality: urban poverty and politics in Rio de Janeiro. Granelle, J-J. 1975: La valeur du sol urbain et la propriété foncière: le marché des terrains à Paris.     

Protección de los créditos laborales tras una quiebra empresarial. Casos australianos

Estudiando casos recientes de quiebras empresariales en los que los trabajadores lograron proteger sus créditos, la autora considera los factores que contribuyeron a dicho desenlace positivo. La comparación de esos casos con otros menos favorables para los asalariados pone de relieve la importancia de factores como el momento en que ocurren los hechos, las estrategias utilizadas, la originalidad de los métodos y medidas aplicados, la intervención de las autoridades pertinentes, la presión sindical, los intereses políticos o simplemente un concurso favorable de circunstancias, es decir, la suerte. Alguien, en alguna parte, ha hecho lo que había que hacer.