农村互助合作：动因、图景和原则——以第一次国内革命战争时期农村合作社发展为研究对象

第一次国内革命战争时期,中国共产党提出的农村互助合作运动主要限于流通领域,包括消费、贩卖、信用合作社三种形式。这一时期的农村互助合作运动产生、生长的动因在于早期中国共产党人对农村合作社问题有着清晰地认识,他们不仅提出详尽的理论设计,还在农村开展了具体实践,还提出了合作社发展的原则。回顾和反思这一时期的农村互助合作运动,仍有宝贵的经验可以总结和借鉴。     

Les Caisses Rurales Face à l'Union Monétaire: Une étude d'efficacité comparée

The authors analyze the economic efficiency of rural credit unions of large size compared to a group of credit unions. The methodology is based on the analysis of profitability, productivity and efficiency ratios and on the estimation of a Cobb–Douglas cost function. The evolution during the period 1989–1994 as well as the situation at the end of this period are examined. The same methodology is used to study the rural credit unions individually.     

Bank ownership type and temporal evolution of long‐term bank funding in the period 2005–2017

This study uses a large panel dataset of Western European banks to examine the determinants of bank funding stability. Banks are divided into three categories by bank ownership type; the ownership types in this study are commercial banks, cooperative banks and savings banks. Three sources of stable bank funding are investigated: customer deposits, equity, and long‐term liabilities. Furthermore, the sum of these funding components is used as a proxy variable for a bank's total available stable funding (ASF). A special focus is on the temporal evolution of these funding types. The regression results show that commercial banks’ funding became much more stable in the period 2005–2017. However, that funding remains, on average, less stable than does cooperative and savings banks’ funding. In addition, funding stability has remained at the pre‐crisis level in cooperative and savings banks, despite a steep dip in cooperative banks’ ASF during the sovereign debt crisis. Furthermore, banks substantially decreased financing from long‐term liabilities after the financial crisis, replacing it with customer deposits and equity.     

近代中国农业合作金融制度的演进--基于国家与社会之间关系视角的研究

近代中国的农业合作金融制度对当时农村的社会经济发展产生过重大影响,但并没有取得预期的效果。文章从国家与社会之间的关系视角来考察近代中国农业合作金融制度的演进历程,试图从制度演进角度来展现近代中国农业合作金融的全貌。研究表明：（1）近代中国的农业合作金融先后经历了三种不同的制度模式,即北洋政府时期的社会引动与农民自动型制度、南京国民政府前期的国家和社会引动以及社会自动型制度、南京国民政府后期的国家代动与农民被动型制度;（2）无论哪一种制度模式,虽然起到了缓解农村金融枯竭、打击传统高利贷和促进农村经济发展的作用,但又都未能跳出合作金融悖论的怪圈,而合作金融悖论导致近代中国合作金融制度背离了“草根金融”的本质并最终走向失败。文章为当前我国如何构建合适的新型农村金融体系提供了一定的历史借鉴。     

Is there life after degeneration? The organizational life cycle of cooperatives under a ‘grow‐or‐die’ dichotomy

This article provides an in‐depth, longitudinal analysis combining real‐time and retrospective data on a set of Mondragon's industrial cooperatives that are organized as international groups. We examine the life cycle of these international cooperative groups, which is expected to evolve differently to that of small‐ and medium‐sized cooperatives that operate exclusively on a local scale. The article is theoretically informed by the cooperative life cycle theory, as well as by recent insights from the degeneration and regeneration theses. Our analysis yields an intricate picture of the evolution of cooperatives faced with a ‘grow‐or‐die’ dichotomy. On the one hand, our findings reject the highly simplistic and deterministic view of the degeneration thesis by demonstrating that these cooperatives can mobilize resources to revitalize cooperative values and practices. On the other, we find that regeneration may not occur in a consistent, sequential fashion as the previous literature suggests, but rather degenerative and regenerative tendencies can occur simultaneously, even leading to long‐lasting, unresolvable situations. In light of this, the article asks future research to draw on power‐aware and politically informed approaches for further understanding of how cooperatives manage the tensions at each organizational stage of their life cycle, and of which organizational actors benefit, and how, from reversing some degenerative tendencies while maintaining others intact.     

Typologie des coopératives de crédit espagnoles par la méthode des groupes stratégiques. Une étude empirique

The objective is to apply the Strategic Groups approach to the sub-sector of credit cooperatives, organizations on which Strategic Groups analysis has not been applied yet although they are part of the banking sector. Therefore taking into account the theoretical arguments presented on SG, the authors apply them according to the following stages: identification of the group of banking organizations composing the object of the study (in this case, credit cooperatives) while analysing their main characteristics; choice of the subset of banking organizations forming the analysed sample; determination of key strategic variables to define credit cooperatives' strategies; and application of the research methodology using factorial Analysis in conjunction with Cluster Analysis, in order to identify the strategic groups forming the subset of credit cooperatives in Spain. Contrarily to what happened in other European countries where cooperative banks have an important place in the banking system, the strategic divergences between the different types of credit cooperatives hinder the integration of this sector in Spain. This strategic weakness calls for adoption of cooperation strategies by the different types of existing credit cooperatives.     

Cooperative movement and widespread prosperity across Italian regions

Our goal is to participate in the debate on regional well-being. To this end, we explore the relationship between prosperity and the cooperative movement at the regional level in Italy between 2010 and 2019. We summarize prosperity through an index originally proposed by Amartya Sen and we apply it to classify Italian regions. We then perform panel analyses showing that there is a positive and significant association between such an index and the cooperative presence. We detect that, and explain why, the cooperative movement contributes to the regional prosperity more through its employment than in terms of the added value it generates.     

基于双网络视角的众创空间合作创新网络演化机制研究

众创空间逐渐成为当前研究热点,构建高效的合作创新网络可以提升其运营绩效。当前,合作创新网络解耦研究越来越多,对知识网络与合作网络交互关系进行研究能够更加完整地再现真实网络作用机理。基于双网络视角,对知识网络与合作网络进行解耦,探索众创空间运营机制与创业企业合作策略对网络创新绩效的影响,利用数理建模和仿真方法模拟众创空间知识网络与合作网络的动态演化结构以及两种网络间的交互作用,为提升众创空间运营效率提出改进建议。结果表明：企业合作关系断链重连概率对合作创新绩效有较大影响,这一概率存在相对合理区间;知识网络与合作网络结构在双网络结构机制下有较大差异,并且在动态演化过程中存在交互作用。     

当代中国的基督教社会服务组织与公民社会——以爱德基金会和上海基督教青年会为个案

本文试图通过两个个案,爱德基金会与上海基督教青年会对当代中国基督教社会服务组织的现状作一描述,对该类组织对中国公民社会发展的影响进行分析和探讨。作者首先对公民社会的概念在中西方语境下的讨论作一简要梳理。而后结合作者从田野调查获得的个案资料进行分析。在此基础上得出的结论是通过此类具有信仰基础的社会服务组织提供的社会服务,产生了积极的社会效应,满足了巨大的社会需求,在推动公民社会的发育过程中扮演了一个重要的角色。并让我们对民间组织和公民社会在转型期的中国社会的运作模式有了不同于西方国家的新的界定和认识：即一种“非抗争性的合作模式”（或称“伙伴关系模式”）。     

Play locally,learn globally: group selection and structural basis of cooperation

In group-structured populations, altruistic cooperation among unrelated group members may be sustainable even when the evolution of behavioral traits is governed by a payoff-based replicator dynamic. This paper explores the importance in this dynamic of two aspects of group structure: global or local interaction in a public goods game and global or local cultural transmission (learning) of behavioral traits. To clarify the underlying dynamic, I derive an extension of the Price equation for the decomposition of changes in the population frequency of a binary trait. I use this to analyze the effect of different structures of interaction and learning on within- and between-group variances of the frequency of cooperative behaviors and thereby on the evolution of cooperation. Of the four population structures given by global/local learning and global/local interaction, local interaction with global learning provides the most favorable environment for the evolution of cooperation. This combination of learning and interaction structures supports a high level of between-group variance in the frequency of cooperative types, so that most cooperators benefit from being in groups composed mostly of cooperators. However, while global learning is essential to the evolution of cooperation, cooperation is more robust when learning is not entirely global because local learning process, ironically, limits the extent to which defectors can free ride on cooperative group members.      

Tax Competition, Capital Mobility, and Public Good Provision Within a Trading Block

The authors examine a two–country general–equilibrium model of a two–country trading block where governments through tax policies attract mobile capital and provide an imported public consumption good. Within this framework the authors examine, among other things, how preferences over the public good and the size (population) of a country affect the Nash or cooperative equilibrium values of income tax rates in the two countries. The analysis identifies sufficient conditions under which (i) the Nash/cooperative equilibrium income tax rates are strategic substitutes or complements, and (ii) the Nash equilibrium income tax rates may be greater than the cooperative rates.     

从非正式医疗机构视角构建新型农村合作医疗网

改革开放以来,农村集体经济的崩溃,原有的农村医疗保健体系失去了生存的经济基础,各种非正式医疗机构"突现"于新经济体制之中,并形成独特的优势.基于对农村非正式医疗机构演化优势的分析,文章认为应充分考虑将农村非正式医疗机构纳入新型合作医疗制度框架之内,以节约其网络构建成本.     

产业集群内企业合作创新的动态博弈分析

产业集群内企业的合作创新实质上是一个动态演化发展过程。通过构建产业集群合作创新动态博弈模型,揭示了产业集群合作创新的动态演化过程和演化的内在机理,认为产业集群合作创新的演化方向取决于参与合作创新的时点收益,而产业集群内参与合作创新的企业的比例对产业集群合作创新具有重要影响,同时产业集群内参与合作创新的企业比例不会无限扩张,会稳定在一定边界。     

农村合作组织的制度安排：一个基本框架

农村合作组织制度嵌入受到小农经济和村社文化的约束,农村合作组织的制度构架主要由产权制度、分配制度、治理结构制度以及责任制度等构成,农村合作组织的制度演进呈现农村经济合作联社一农民协会一专业合作一股份合作四个阶段,传统制度阴影、现有制度缺陷以及制度变迁成本较高成为农村合作组织的制度演进障碍,促进农村合作组织制度演进的主要措施有：加大对农村合作组织的制度供给的力度;走强制性和诱致性相结合的制度道路;营造制度环境并提供政府援助;以及通过体制创新,构建农村“2＋1”新模式;等等。     

Money and prices: U.S. Data 1869–1914 (A study with directed graphs)

This paper reconsiders empirical evidence on relationships among money, income, nominal prices, and wheat prices. Error correction and directed acyclic graphs are used to study both lagged and contemporaneous relations in late 19^th and early 20^th century U.S. data. We summarize evidence supporting the view that money was a causal actor in price movement in this period. In the long run (at a five year horizon), over twenty percent of the movement in price is explained by earlier movements in money supply; whereas, wheat price accounts for less than ten percent of this movement. There is also evidence that money supply was not exogenous, as it was determined, in contemporaneous time, by movements in the general price level and income. About forty percent of the variation in money is explained by current or lagged prices and income. There remains considerable uncertainty with respect to role of wheat prices in this period. Innovations in wheat price explain over twenty five percent of the uncertainty in real income at the five year forecast horizon – suggesting wheat price as either causal or proxying for more fundamental causal forces in the U.S. economy over our period of analysis. First version received: December 1999/Final version received: February 2001     

THE TRANSMISSION OF THE MONETARY POLICY IN THE EURO AREA: THE ROLE OF THE BANKS’ BUSINESS MODEL

This paper sheds some new light on the incidence of the banks’ business model as a component of the bank lending channel in the euro area. Differently from existing literature, the analysis is led on the basis of the two main macroeconomic regions that today characterize the euro area: its north‐east (German‐centric) and south‐west halves. The observation period is 2008–2013, mainly featured by the financial and economic crisis. The empirical findings evidence that in the north‐east half of the euro area the cooperative banks leveraged the effects of the reduction in the interest rates in terms of new lending. In this respect, they differentiated from commercial and savings banks, which showed a more neutral impact on the transmission of the monetary policy decisions. These results highlight the distinctive role of the cooperative banks in terms of credit provision in Germany and in the whole north‐east half of the euro area. Nevertheless, this cooperative banking effect did not emerge for the south‐west half of the continent, particularly hit by the crisis. This may suggest that the bank's business model tend to be neutral to the transmission of the monetary policy in economies characterized by prolonged recessions.     

区域产业生态系统组织成员间的竞合协同进化研究

从生态学视角来看,在同一区域内相互关联的组织成员构成了区域产业生态系统,对其研究主要是分析该系统内产业组织的演化,即关联成员之间的竞争与合作协同进化。构建了成员竞合协同进化模型,并以两个成员竞合协同进化为例,运用微分方程定性知识以及数值仿真对该模型的稳定性进行分析,所得到的一些结果为模拟以及预测区域产业生态系统的组织结构演化提供了理论依据,有利于进一步揭示在区域产业生态系统中组织成员之间竞争与合作协同进化发展的内在机理。     

国内外合作创新研究述评

合作创新作为一种重要的技术创新模式和一个新兴的研究领域 ,日益受到企业管理理论界与实践界的关注。 90年代以来 ,国内外关于企业合作创新的研究大量涌现。本文从合作创新的概念界定、动机和优势、冲突、经济学分析以及合作创新过程中的技术学习与核心能力等几个方面评述了国内外合作创新的研究进展 ,为该领域的研究建立了一个理论框架 ,并提出深入研究的若干设想     

Bursting the dot.com "Bubble': A Case Study in Investor Behaviour

The Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter considered innovation to be the driving force of economic growth and argued that innovations were also the main cause of cyclical fluctuations in the economy, an idea now well established in the economic literature. In this paper, the authors attempt to gain insights into the behaviour exhibited by investors before and after the market correction of the newly established Internet sector--a technology with revolutionary potential--in the Spring of 2000 by structuring their analysis around the psychological themes of heuristic-driven bias, frame dependence, and inefficient prices. Linear regression models are constructed using data collected on publicly traded Internet companies, market performance both before and after the collapse of the Internet sector stock prices in an attempt to assess whether or not market returns were correlated with certain specific measures of corporate internet performance. Finally, the authors draw inferences relating to the psychology of investor behaviour during this period based upon their empirical analysis, and conclude by summarizing the managerial implications of their findings.     

企业战略导向对其合作创新绩效的作用机理

将战略导向、网络位置、组织间信任和合作创新绩效纳入同一研究框架,研究了企业不同的战略导向对合作创新绩效的差异性影响,以及网络位置在其中的中介作用和组织间信任的调节作用,并提出研究假设。利用中国企业合作创新的实际调研数据,通过回归分析对研究假设进行实证检验。结果表明,市场导向与合作创新绩效显著正相关,适当的企业家导向有利于企业获得更高的合作创新绩效;网络中心位置有利于提升企业的合作创新绩效;组织间信任在战略导向影响合作创新绩效的过程中起重要的调节作用。