Asymptotic efficiency of the pivotal mechanism with general project space

It is shown that the government surplus generated by applying the pivotal mechanism is generically small per capita if the number of participants is sufficiently large. The result is valid whether the project space is finite or infinite. It also implies that the pivotal mechanism is asymptotically efficient in most cases, for the amount of surplus is a measure of inefficiency in the economic environments to which the mechanism is applicable.     

Some implications of anarchy for the distribution of property

A model of an anarchistic society is introduced and its implications for the distribution of income are considered. The economy is assumed to allocate one unit of an all-purpose completely divisible good to each individual in society. This initial distribution of income is changed through theft into a final distribution. The notion of equilibrium is introduced and the equilibrium distribution for a two-person example is displayed. Finally, the notion of orderly anarchy is discussed. An orderly anarchistic allocation of income is defined to be a distribution of income in which no effort is spent in stealing property from others. It is shown that every allocation in the core is an orderly anarchistic allocation and that the core is nonempty.     

并购中主并公司的可预测性——基于交易成本视角的研究

本文将交易成本划分为显性交易成本和隐性交易成本,认为主并公司进行并购的目的是为了节约显性和隐性交易成本。在此基础上,我们以2003年发生并购的上市公司为样本,采用因子分析法和Logistic回归建立了主并公司的预测模型,发现资产专用性越强,显性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大;中间产品市场的不确定性越高,显性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大;公司的成长能力越强,成长能力与盈利能力之间的不平衡程度越高,隐性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大。     

Sustainable development,the Hartwick rule and optimal growth

Defining sustainable development as non-declining utility, the consistency of this concept with the Hartwick rule and optimal growth is explored when resources are exhaustible. A simple proof that a generalized Hartwick rule is necessary and sufficient for constant consumption is derived. The existence of a maximal constant consumption path is shown to depend critically on the elasticity of substitution; if this is less than 1, consumption declines; if it is greater than 1 then consumption is not maximal; if it is equal to 1 (the Cobb-Douglas case) then existence is proved. Consumption can increase along an optimal path if the pure rate of time preference is 0; if it is non-zero then consumption declines.     

生命质量与商品质量的协同性分析

商品质量与生命质量休戚相关,生命质量是个内涵丰富的概念,丰富的商品虽然可以对生命质量产生积极的作用,但在商品生产与消费过程中产生的副作用也在损害着生命质量.研究与了解两者的内在联系,有利于实践以人为本的科学发展观.科学发展观是全面、协调、可持续的综合发展观,其中全面发展是基础,协同发展是关键,可持续发展是目的.论证了以人为本是科学发展观的实质所在,提高人类的生命质量是科学发展观的归宿.     

创业环境动态性、创业学习与创业机会识别关系研究

通过引入创业环境动态变化频率和变化幅度,以及实用主义、顺从主义、贯融主义3种创业认知学习方式,扩展了现有创业机会识别仿真模型,研究了创业环境动态性、创业学习与创业机会识别之间的作用机制。仿真结果表明：在发现观视角下,实用主义是一种高效但不稳定的学习方式;顺从主义是一种效率一般但较为稳定的学习方式;贯融主义是一种低效的学习方式。为了提高创业机会识别能力,创业者需要根据环境类型选择不同学习策略。在变化慢、变化小的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用实用主义并保持较快的个体学习速率;在变化慢、变化大和变化快、变化小的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用实用主义并保持较慢的个体学习速率;在变化快、变化大的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用顺从主义并保持较快的个体学习速率。     

时间是具有单向度双重意义否定的存在

时间既是抽象的存在,亦是具体的虚无,它是人的自我描影。人的生存意义在于对自我的否定,这个否定是包括同质和异质的否定。人的存在在于把周围世界对象化为为我世界,这个过程和结果就是文化,文化的本质就是人化,是人将自己的本质在时空中刻印。文化作为系统化的有机体,是个产生、发展和没落的过程。文化的发展是呈螺旋状的上升。文化作为一个系统,由各种要素组成也受到种种干扰,要促进文化的发展,需要不断增强文化的免疫力。     

影响普通高校信贷资金利用效率的因素分析

主要有四个方面的因素影响高校信贷资金的利用效率:一是制度因素;二是国家客观指导不到位;三是高校管理理念的陈旧;四是高校内部管理不到位.     

Social security in Panama: A multiperiod analysis of income distribution

A unique multiperiod data set is used to look at the income distribution effects of the retirement portion of the social security system of Panama. While it is clear that the system is an important source of income for workers, it is argued that its true redistributive importance is greatly exaggerated. Using a multiperiod view it is found that previously high-wage and urban workers are disproportionately represented among current recipients. It is also argued that social security has substantially reduced the work effort of these workers. Hence the appropriateness of the present social security system is questioned on both equity and efficiency grounds.     

Private Provisions of a Discrete Public Good with Voluntary Participation

This paper studies the mechanism that a profit-making principal should adopt to provide a discrete public good when the values of the consumers are their private information and their participation is voluntary. The free-riding issue is resolved through threatened nonprovision of the good by the provider. Every bidder is asked to announce his or her virtual value as defined in Myerson (1981) . The public good is provided if and only if the sum of the bidders' announced virtual values exceeds the provision cost. When a provision decision results, each bidder pays an amount that is determined by the announcement of other consumers. No one pays when a nonprovision decision results. We find that this mechanism is implementable through an all-pay auction. A restricted profit-maximizing mechanism that implements efficient allocation is also characterized. As in Gradstein (1994) , when provision is always efficient, that is, the sum of consumers' values always exceeds the provision cost, efficient allocation is achievable through a profit-maximizer. However, this is not the case when provision is not efficient.     

对生产力定义、层次和发展动因问题的综述

对生产力定义、层次和发展动因问题的综述许光伟一、生产力的定义（一）生产力定义的历史沿革究竟给生产力下一个什么样的准确定义？自本世纪三十年代以来，理论界一直为此进行着时断时续的争论，时至今日更有愈演愈烈的态势。纵观这场争论，可以划分为这么三大时期：１、...     

基于能值理论的整理区土地集约利用研究

土地作为不可替代的稀缺经济要素,其空间位置的不可移动性、使用的排他性,决定了我们在土地利用过程中,必须集约利用。本文利用能值理论,分析整理区农业生态系统的能值结构变化,进而反映土地整理的土地集约利用效果。研究结果是土地整理工作较大地改善了项目区农业生产条件,项目区总能值投入比整理前提高了25%,净能值产出率提高了11%,能值使用强度提高了25%,提高了土地生产力和土地资源的集约利用水平;暴露的主要问题是化肥的使用量较大,有机肥投入比例较低,建议应加大对农家肥的投入,提倡种植绿肥,以利于土壤有机质的保持,为农业持续发展提供物质基础。     

对几种典型企业组织的规模差异评析

基于从本质到现象的分析路线,我们可以更清楚地认识企业规模：社会合理规模与企业的有效性相对应,取决于企业的组织成本和协调收益;而企业的现实规模则与特定个体的效率相对应,效率不仅取决于协调收益也与转移收益有关。一般地,企业的决策权为不同人所掌握,就会产生不同的收益转移效应,从而产生了多姿多彩的企业形态：（1）不同社会文化伦理中的收益转移效应差异会影响企业规模。一般地,社会信任度越高,企业规模就越合理;而信任度不高的那些社会中,企业规模往往走向两个极端。（2）不同的分配制度中的收益转移效应差异也会影响企业规模。利润分享制企业的剩余索取权往往为所有员工所分享,从而其规模往往小于泰勒制企业。（3）在工人自治型企业中,由于工人主导了剩余索取权的分配,从而使得企业的规模相对较小。（4）中央计划体制下国有企业是极端化的经理管理型企业,经理们所追求的社会收益与企业规模联系在一起,因而这类企业的规模较大。     

农业转型与资源替代

本文通过对发达国家农业生产中出现的化肥施用量相对减少这一趋势的探讨,分析了我国农业化肥施用现状,并通过对作物秸杆作为燃料获取能量与生产化肥所消耗能量的对比,说明从节省能量的角度来看,用有机肥部分替代化肥具有一定的合理性;指出在我国要实现肥料间的替代,首先要解决农村生活资料的替代问题。揭示出资源间的连锁替代是我国实现有机农业的关键。     

Stackelberg竞争条件下的最佳福利关税与最大收入关税

文章考察Stackelberg竞争条件下的最佳福利关税与最大收入关税。分析表明,最佳福利关税与最大收入关税的相对大小主要取决于产品之间的相互关系和国内外企业的成本差异。当产品是互补品时,最佳福利关税总是小于最大收入关税;当产品是替代品时,最佳福利关税与最大收入关税的关系,既取决于产品间的替代程度又取决于国内外企业间的成本差异。产品的替代程度较弱时,最大收入关税总是大于最佳福利关税;产品的替代程度较强时,若国内外厂商间的成本差异越小,则最佳福利关税越有可能超过最大收入关税。     

对劳动密集型产业发展相关问题的思考

我国处于工业化中期。劳动密集型产业的发展仍然是必要的选择。从产业发展优势的角度看,我国的劳动密集型产业的发展有其自身的比较优势,但仍然存在附加值低、劳动生产率低和企业自身竞争力弱、劳动力便宜的比较优势只是相对的、劳动力技能整体偏低等隐患,因而必须把握好劳动密集型产业的发展方向。     

Asymmetric information and rationalizability

We study how asymmetric information affects the set of rationalizable solutions in a linear setup where the outcome is determined by forecasts about this same outcome. The unique rational expectations equilibrium is also the unique rationalizable solution when the sensitivity of the outcome to agents’ forecasts is less than one, provided that this sensitivity is common knowledge. Relaxing this common knowledge assumption, multiple rationalizable solutions arise when the proportion of agents who know the sensitivity is large, and the uninformed agents believe it is possible that the sensitivity is greater than one. Instability is equivalent to existence of some kind of sunspot equilibria.     

A political economy approach to endogenous industrial policies

This paper uses a political economy perspective to study the endogenous formation of economic policies and its interplay with political institutions. This paper provides a novel view that both the institutions and economic development status are essential factors in endogenously determining economic policies. The model aims to explain both the differences in the degree of adopting industrial policies as well as the differences in the types of industrial policies being implemented. Using a concise framework with two country-specific characteristics, the baseline model can capture three main types of industrial policy platforms of interest. In a country where voters’ political awareness is positively skewed and press freedom is relatively low, pro-heavy industry policies would be present most of the time; South Korea is representative of this type of countries. In a country where voters’ political awareness is positively skewed and press freedom is relatively high, there is usually an active industrial policy, though the target of the policy changes over time. Specifically, the policy is favoring the industry of which the industry-specific TFP is relatively high; Japan is representative of this type of countries. In a country where voters’ political awareness is negatively skewed and press freedom is relatively high, there is usually no active industrial policy; the U.S. is representative of this type of countries.     

中国城乡差距的三维解读

中国城乡差距呈现出三维特征:政治维度的城乡差距是最深层次的,以政府治理为研究对象;经济维度的城乡差距居于中间,以产业发展水平差距为代表;表层次的社会维度的城乡差距以公共产品资源配置失衡为标志。从三者之间的关系看,城乡政治差距是总源头,城乡经济差距和城乡社会差距是结果。因此,彻底解决中国城乡差距,必须从消除城乡政治差距入手,以缩小城乡经济差距为重心,以实现城乡公共服务均等化为落脚点。     

Mindshift: The mental revolution we are in

It is by now a commonplace to say that today the world is in the midst of a revolution as profound as any we have ever experienced. It is, however, much less of a commonplace to specify precisely of what this revolution consists. The contention of this article is that the revolution is more than a mere shift in our industrial or technological base. Fundamentally, it is a change in underlying mental attitudes—how we conceive of the world. It is thus a shift in our values but at the same time much more basic than this alone.This article describes the nature of the change that is occuring in mental attitudes. However, it does not do so in a traditional way. Primarily, it does it by means of a fable. The reason is that the shift we are experiencing is also in part a shift in our aesthetic vision, that is, in the styles of discourse that we use to describe reality. In short, different conceptions of the world require different stylistic forms. The full nuances of a new era can not be captured by the forms of the past.