Emerging Urban Poverty and Effects of the Dibao Program on Alleviating Poverty in China

The present paper describes the current urban poverty situation,examines the factors affecting the probability of a household being in poverty and investigates how the urban minimum living standard guarantee (dibao) program helps poor people to get out of poverty. The targeting efficiency of the urban dibao program is discussed. The present study finds that the poverty rate of households with unemployed workers is much higher than that of households without unemployed workers. The urban dibao program is helpful in reducing poverty rates,but it does not reduce poverty rates too much. The government should place emphasis on helping laid-off and unemployed workers to become reemployed. The most urgent problem for the dibao program is improving the efficiency of targeting.     

Rural Income Poverty in Western China Is Water Poverty

I. IntroductionThe elimination of poverty lies at the heart of development economics, and providesthe main justification for policies of promoting economic growth and development allover the world. Although arduous efforts have been devoted to poverty reductionworldwide, about 1.2 of 6 billion live on less than $1 a day (World Bank, 2002). AlthoughChina has reduced its poor population from 250 million in 1978 to 30 million in 2003, anoverall reduction in world poverty still depends on progre…     

川渝沪三地城镇家庭收入差距及结构变化的比较研究

文章对重庆直辖10年以来城镇家庭收入变化与差距扩大化的基本情况进行了实证研究,并对重庆市、上海市、四川省城镇家庭收入差距及结构变化的现状和趋势进行了比较研究,研究表明,重庆市城镇家庭收入差距与结构状况优于上海、四川。产生问题的重要原因是经济发展水平的差异。     

收入、知识和健康的三类贫困测算与解析

运用 Watts 多维度贫困指数,从收入、知识和健康三个维度测算了我国1990年、1997年和2003年的多维度贫困.并对引起贫困状况变化的原因进行了夏普里分解。测算结果表明,从1990～2003年,我国多维度贫困出现大幅下降,其中,收入贫困下降最多,健康贫困下降最少。同时,近年来在我国整体义务教育水平提高的同时,有一部分人的教育年限却在下降,说明教育发展很不均衡。     

我国现阶段收入分配差距问题探析

改革开放为我国社会经济的发展带来了生机,国民总体收入和生活水平有了大幅提高,但与此同时,居民收入差距却呈现出不断扩大的趋势。主要表现为城乡收入差距不断扩大、地区收入差距不断扩大、行业收入差距不断扩大以及社会居民收入的两极分化趋势。造成目前我国居民收入差距不断扩大的原因是多方面的,其主要原因表现在经济体制转轨及其渐进性、经济发展中的政策倾斜、分配领域中的政策缺位以及灰色收入的大量存在等。过大的收入差距将影响我国城乡和地区的统筹发展,挫伤广大劳动群众的积极性,甚至影响到社会的稳定。应该从思想上正确认识公平与效率的关系,进一步调节过高收入,惩治腐败和非法收入,努力提高低收入者的生活水平。     

Village Elections,Accountability and Income Distribution in Rural China

1. Introduction The village election was first envisioned by the late chairman of the National People’sCongress (NPC), Mr Peng Zhen, in the mid-1980s to enhance village governance after the commune system was dissolved in China in the early 1980s. In 1987, the NPC passed a tentative version of The Organic Law of the Village Committee (OLVC), and started a 10 year experiment of village elections. In 1998, the NPC formally passed the law and elections quickly spread to the whole count…     

Trade Liberalization,Economic Restructuring and Urban Poverty: The Case of China*

Increased trade openness and rapid market-oriented transformation have largely altered the patterns of wealth accumulation and wealth distribution in post-reform China. In the present paper, with the help of Chinese provincial level data over the period of 1986 to 2000, simultaneous equations estimation and generalized method of moment techniques are applied to investigate the relationship between trade and poverty in urban China. Empirical results suggest that China's trade liberalization helps to reduce urban poverty both directly and indirectly through its favorable impacts on economic growth.     

Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in China

I. General Correlation between Employmentand Income Distribution in ChinaBy the general rules of the market economy, the size of employment and the wage levelshould be expanded and raised with economic growth. The wage level should move in theopposite direction from the changes in the size of employment, and the total payroll shouldmove in the same direction with the size of employment when there is little change in thetotal payroll.Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in…     

我国居民收入分配差距分析

现阶段我国居民的收入分配差距呈现出不断扩大的总体趋势,具体表现在城乡之间、地区之间、行业之间.对此,必须及时采取有效措施解决居民收入差距扩大化带来的问题.     

中国城乡居民收入变化规律的定量分析

文章通过数学方法对1980～2007年间我国城镇居民人均可支配收入（Ic）、农村居民人均纯收入（If）及收入差距相互关系进行反演,发现它们服从（L-If）／Ic=0．24＊Ln（（L-If）／If）＋0．50的规律;If／Ic以0．50为中心,向〉0．50或〈0．50的方向演化与城镇失业减轻或加重有关。在当前经济模式下,2020～2021年我国的经济发展形式可能会出现一定程度的转变,收入差距在城镇居民人均可支配收入中所占的比例会降低,城乡收入的相对差距会由扩大向缩小转变。     

城市空间结构与劳动者工资收入

本文探讨了城市规模、密度与形态等空间结构因素对劳动者工资收入影响的理论机制,并借助夜间灯光数据和LandScan人口分布数据,设计了3组城市内部距离指标以刻画城市空间形态,进而结合中国家庭金融调查数据,使用两阶段工具变量法检验了城市人口规模、密度和空间形态等对劳动者工资收入的影响强度。研究发现,在控制劳动者个人特征后,城市规模越大,密度越高,劳动者获得的工资收入就越高,证明城市聚集的规模和密度都有正外部性;与此同时,劣质的城市形态会显著降低劳动者工资收入,说明城市形态也是影响城市空间外部性的一个重要维度。此外,在不同类型的产业之间,城市形态和密度的影响存在一定的异质性,而适当降低城市密度以及完善公路基础设施可以缓解劣质城市形态对劳动者工资收入的负面影响。     

我国国民收入分配失衡及对策

近十几年来,我国居民收入在国民收入中的比重持续下降,而企业收入比重和政府收入比重逐步上升。国民收入分配失衡加剧投资与消费不平衡和国际收支失衡,阻碍了经济增长方式转变。本文提出了调整国民收入分配格局,促进国民经济持续健康发展的对策。     

海外学者关于中国收入和财富分配不平等问题的研究综述

文章首先分析了海外学者关于中国收入和财富分配不平等问题研究的观点;其次,分析了海外学者对改革与分配相关问题研究的方法与特点;最后在研究的基础上结合我国实际并提出相关的建议。     

部分城乡结合地区居民收入差距的调查

当前城乡结合地区居民收入水平较高,但差距较大,城市化、就业结构、社会保障等对城乡结合地区居民收入分配有较大的影响。改善当前城乡结合地区的居民收入分配状况,需要政府和市场共同发挥作用。     

城镇居民收入差距的形成与趋势

对我国城镇居民收入差距形成的分析表明,第一产业增加值、失业率等是影响我国城镇居民收入的显著因素。并且,从这些因素的变动趋势判断,我国城镇居民收入差距仍将会进一步扩大。因此,扩大就业渠道、大力普及教育、深化分配制度、完善社会保障体系等是控制我国城镇居民收入差距扩大的有效措施。     

我国城乡收入差距与固定资产投资差距的实证分析

文章运用时间序列分析,对1983—2007年我国城乡收入差距与城乡固定资产投资差距的关系进行了实证研究,发现我国城乡收入差距和城乡固定资产投资差距之间存在长期均衡的协整关系和显著的短期动态调整机制。实证结果显示,需要充分重视我国的城乡收入差距与城乡固定资产投资差距之间的有机联系,缩小城乡居民收入差距主要可通过缩小城乡固定资产投资差距来实现。     

Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 1980–2000

This paper uses crosscountry data and country-case studies to analyze trends in poverty, inequality and economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Compared to other regions, the MENA region has a low incidence of poverty and income inequality. Two factors account for this situation: international migration/remittances and public sector (government) employment. Since the early 1980s international migration to the Persian Gulf and Europe has helped boost the incomes of the poor in the Middle East. At the same time, many MENA countries have used government employment as a means of keeping people employed and out of poverty. Regression analysis of crosscountry data shows that both of these factors have a statistically significant impact on reducing the level and depth of poverty in the MENA region.