The influences of Confucianism, Feng Shui and Buddhism in Chinese accounting history

This paper attempts to examine the influences of Confucianism, Feng Shui and Buddhism on the evolution of Chinese accounting before recent accounting reforms commencing in the 1980s. Chinese cultural variables (e.g. Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, etc.) have been widely utilized in studying Chinese accounting systems, the accounting profession and the evolution of Chinese accounting techniques. However, the literature has not taken into account the traditional Chinese Feng Shui belief, which was broadly considered as the most important part of Chinese traditional culture. There is much evidence to show that Chinese accounting development was not only influenced by Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, but also by the prevalence of Feng Shui belief in ancient China over thousands of years. This paper first discusses the concepts of culture and describes Confucianism, Feng Shui and Buddhism in China, and then examines the influences of Confucianism, Feng Shui and Buddhism on the evolution of Chinese accounting. The influences discussed are those on bookkeeping methods, accounting information, accounting profession/accountants, regulating and standardizing accounting practice, government accounting and private-sector accounting respectively. This paper also identifies some areas for future research in Chinese accounting history and culture.     

Applicability Of The Conservatism Accounting Convention in China: Empirical Evidence

“Conservatism” is a widely accepted accounting convention in the industrialized world, but it has long been slated and prohibited in China under the orthodox ideological influences. To date, the conservatism convention has not been fully adopted or implemented in Chinese accounting although the Chinese government has made substantial efforts to reform its accounting system to bridge the gaps between the accounting practices in China and other industrialized countries in recent years. This study has, through a wide range questionnaire survey, empirically investigated the applicability of the conservatism accounting convention in China. We found that the survey respondents (consisted of business accountants, management, government officials, bank loan officers, investment analysts and auditors), in general, held no negative attitudes against the conservatism convention under the changing business environment in the country. There is clear evidence that various interested parties of business accounting would support an expanded adoption of “conservatism” in Chinese accounting. The study findings will facilitate a proper assessment of the future development of accounting standards and practices in China.     

Political Influence and Coexistence of a Uniform Accounting System and Accounting Standards: Recent Developments in China

This article investigates the role of political influence, as well as accounting tradition and the equity market, in China's recent changes in accounting regulation. We find that the Chinese government, in part self-motivated and in part under external pressure, has been active in developing accounting standards in harmony with international accounting standards. However, it has retained a uniform accounting system in the Enterprise Accounting System issued in 2000 to accommodate the special circumstances of a transforming government, strong state-ownership, a weak accounting profession, a weak and imperfect equity market, and the inertial effect of accounting tradition and cultural factors. This article also contributes to existing models of accounting system classification by illustrating the need for considering political influence as a factor that affects the rate of transition towards full implementation of international accounting standards.     

财务精细化：政府会计改革的突破点之一

现阶段,我国政府会计改革已进入到了深水区,众多专家学者结合国内外的相关经验,提出了包括采用基金会计核算法,重视资产及负债的确认、计量、记录等应对措施。作为政府会计改革最急需解决的问题之一——政府资产及负债如何精确得确认、计量、记录,政府在日常管理服务过程中的业绩如何确认已成为政府会计改革过程中必须逾越的一道鸿沟。本文通过引企业财务精细化管理理念于政府财务管理过程中,并通过分析政府财务精细化管理中的关键点,结合A政府机关的探索实践,拟对我国政府会计改革提出探索性的应对措施。     

我国政府会计体系改革研究

在发达国家,项目执行预算PPB（Program and Performance Budget）在政府会计中的应用已有很多年的历史。而在发展中国家关于项目执行预算（PPB）还处在探索阶段,本文的研究表明权责发生制的核算基础是政府会计的改革方向,而改革的基石必定是公认会计准则,这样才会使预算会计在各级政府活动中实现其真正的效能。     

仰望会计星空 静思会计发展

会计理论需要脚踏实地,更要仰望星空。仰望会计星空,时刻不忘会计本性,可以对会计理论与实践发挥动态矫正作用。会计如何切实履行人类经济文明进步导航仪与守护神的历史使命,东西方已有的会计实践已积累的丰富的经验与教训。认真面对并冷静分析现代会计发展至今的历史,审视中国传统会计所体现的独特风格,从而沉着应对信息化崭新社会、技术环境对会计发展形成的现实挑战。在中华民族伟大复兴实践中实现中国"会计强国"之梦,必须虔诚仰望会计星空,方能赢得中国会计发展的大政方略共识。     

Concepts of cost and profit in Chinese agricultural treatises: with special reference to Shengshi Nongshu and Pu Nongshu in the seventeenth century

This article analyses the use of the concepts of cost and profit in Chinese agricultural treatises. Special attention is given to the agricultural works Shengshi Nongshu and Pu Nongshu in the seventeenth century. The analysis shows how Chinese people applied the concepts of cost and profit to agricultural production. This paper also analyses the reasons for the lack of further progress of Chinese accounting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It concludes that Chinese accounting reached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties under a feudal framework and that accounting development has been strongly associated and constrained by its social environment, including political and cultural constraints.     

论我国会计法规体系及其结构

我国会计法规体系应分别从纵向和横向进行划分：纵向上,按照我国会计法规的制定机关和法律效力将其分为会计法律、会计行政法规、会计部门规章与地方政府和行业主管部门的会计规章四个层次;横向上,按照会计法规的内容将会其划分为会计核算方面的法规、会计监督方面的法规、会计机构和会计人员方面的法规以及会计工作管理方面的法规四个方面。     

The Politics of Rule Development: A Case Study of Australian Pension Fund Accounting Rule-Making

Describing the politics surrounding accounting rule development may provide greater insights to such processes than analysing written submissions to rule-making bodies. Over a twenty-year period a rule-making contest evolved between the accounting profession and an alliance of pension industry interest groups over the introduction of different forms of regulation (accounting standards versus legislative-backed rules) relating to pension fund accounting. From the perspective of government, the debate about pension fund accounting reflects the outside-initiative model (Cobb and Elder, 1972; Cobb et al., 1976). Issues were created by the (accounting and actuarial) professions, expanded in the relevant (pension and life insurance) industry and then gained entrance to the formal agenda of both regulatory and government deliberations. In this case the accounting profession failed to gain acceptance of its professional rule-making activities. Alternative possible explanations as to why the alliance of interest groups eventually prevailed over the accounting profession are explored.     

财务会计与税务会计分离的系统性评价研究

伴随经济的市场化和全球化水平不断发展,经济增长方式与产业结构面临转型升级.基于此,财务会计和税务会计作为服务于企业和国家的重要经济活动,其关系模式的分离又重新被提上研究日程,企业建立税务会计,有利于进行纳税筹划,保障企业和投资者利益.对于国家而言,税务会计从财务会计中分离出来,也有利于国家加强宏观调控和促进税收.本文在回顾已有国内外财、税会计分离的研究基础上,全面评价我国财务会计和税务会计分离的可能性与必要性,并针对性地提出了适用于我国财务会计和税务会计适度分离的有效途径.     

Govern(mentality) and Accounting: the Influence of Different Enlightenment Discourses in Two Spanish Cases (1761–1777)

New perspectives in accounting history have uncovered previously unattended relations between accounting and government. Earlier Foucauldian analyses of governments have not explained sufficiently the relations of accounting practices to governmental discourses in order to manage populations.
This work uses the governmentality frame to analyse the role of accounting in two organizations located in the south of Spain in the second half of the eighteenth century: the New Settlements of Sierra Morena and Andalucia (NSs) and the Royal Tobacco Factory of Seville (RTFS). The period studied is remarkable because it was the apogee of the Enlightenment in Spain. From the standpoint of government, this period facilitated a new way to manage populations. The present work has drawn on Foucault's concept of governmentality in order to discover how accounting worked in two government-supported organizations independently of the discourses that pervaded each one. Drawing on the reticulation of the space, the use of rules and accounting from the governmental perspective, we analyse those institutions.
The article concludes that the reticulation of space is an essential apparatus to exert action at a distance; the rules are a type of government technology; and, overall, accounting is a practice for the mastery of the population independently from the discourse of the institution.     

论证券市场的会计监管

证券市场存在着会计市场失灵、会计造假案件频发、法律的不完备性等一系列问题，股权分置改革后，随着市场规模的进一步扩大，又会出现许多新的问题，因此证券市场的会计监管就显得十分必要。为了提高证券市场会计监管的效率，应该以政府监管为主导，会计师事务所的监管为辅助，同时发挥新闻媒体和学术界在监管中的积极作用。     

Does Convergence of Accounting Standards Lead to the Convergence of Accounting Practices?: A Study from China

In this empirical study we examine whether China's efforts to converge domestic accounting standards with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) over the past 15 years have resulted in the successful convergence of Chinese listed firms. This study is unique in that we evaluate convergence of firms' accounting practices from three perspectives: (1) the level of compliance with Chinese GAAP and IFRS, (2) the consistency of accounting choices under Chinese GAAP and IFRS, and (3) identification of significant differences in the net incomes produced under Chinese GAAP and IFRS (earnings gap).Using the 1999 and 2002 annual reports of 79 Chinese listed firms we find improvement in both compliance with IFRS and in the consistency of the accounting methods used in annual reports prepared under Chinese GAAP and IFRS. We also find a reduction in the earnings gap from 1999 to 2002. However, interestingly we observed that Chinese listed firms' compliance with IFRS is significantly lower than their compliance with Chinese GAAP. Overall we believe that our findings suggest that in China the convergence of accounting standards has been a conduit to the convergence of accounting practices.     

企业所得税会计几个问题的探讨

本文研究企业所得税会计问题。针对我国企业所得税会计准则在执行过程中存在的方法、理念几个等认识误区问题，提出相应解决措施，主张理念决定方法，只有从理念、依据的角度深刻认识所得税会计准则的主旨，才能在实际工作中正确执行准则的相关规定。     

我国国际化会计人才的概念框架、培养模式与质量提升

在中国经济全球化发展过程中,国际化会计人才的培养是我国会计事业发展的重大任务。首先,本文在阐释国际化会计人才培养的概念内涵与基本目标、构建国际化会计人才培养概念框架并简述国内外相关研究的基础上,将改革开放四十年来我国国际化会计人才培养划分为探索学习期、市场发展期、国际趋同期和全球机遇期四个阶段;其次,总结了我国在会计准则全面持续趋同、国家人才战略实施、国际化会计人才培养和国家经济全球化发展等方面取得的丰硕成果,提出了以国际需求拉动、国家战略引领、国际广泛合作、院校倾力培养和社会积极参与为基本特点的我国国际化会计人才培养"五环模式";最后,基于利益相关者视角分析了我国国际化会计人才培养面临的主要挑战,探讨了国际化会计人才的质量提升战略举措。     

从医院会计变迁看新中国政府会计发展70年

新中国成立70年来,我国政府会计改革与发展取得了巨大成就,初步建立起具有中国特色的统一政府会计制度,为国家治理体系和治理能力建设提供了重要的基础设施。作为政府会计的重要组成部分,医院会计成为新中国政府会计70年的生动缩影。70年演变过程中,医院会计与政府会计之间具有显著的制度离合与互动发展特征,这种离合与互动清晰地折射出我国政府会计渐进改革、螺旋上升的曲折发展路径。本文通过回顾医院会计变迁历程,从更微观和更深入的视角总结新中国政府会计70年发展的基本经验和教训,探索我国政府会计发展规律,并展望未来发展趋势。     

国际公共部门会计准则体系研究

国际公共部门会计准则（IPSAS）是全球政府会计准则的标杆。本文就国际公共部门会计准则（IP—SAS）的制定程序、制定团队、现有IPSAS的内容、国际公共部门会计准则理事会（IPsAsB）的未来战略和工作计划、IPSAS的未来布局及发展趋势等一系列问题进行概括与分析,以冀为我国的政府会计准则研究提供启发与借鉴。     

论高校内部会计控制

改革开放以来,我国经济迅速发展,各行业管理水平不断提高,相应地开始对内部控制提出要求。我国高校内部会计控制是与企业内部控制同步发展起来的,虽然起步比较晚,但其在推动高等教育发展,促进教育体制改革方面起了非常重要的作用。目前,我国的高等教育模式正从由政府直接管理向由政府宏观管理、学校面向社会自主办学过渡,这种模式转变所引起的高校财务管理环境变化,使高校内部控制的地位和作用越来越重要。故本文从高校内部会计控制的发展,重要性及加强措施方面对其进行了新的论述。     

会计准则制定的制度博弈思考

会计准则的经济后果特征促使各利益主体在制定过程中形成了一个多方博弈的局面,而准则由政府机构主导制定及制定博弈中行动的不经济性,导致了上市公司管理当局的"袖手旁观"的态度,加快了我国会计准则由政府制定制度到经济主体利用其不足机会行事到完善制度的形成路径.而适当公开会计准则制定程序及增强会计准则制定机构的独立性将改进会计准则的制定.     

反倾销应诉中的会计问题探讨

中国已成为世界上第三大贸易国,是遭受反倾销调查案件最多的国家;同时,由于受市场经济地位歧视的影响,中国被裁定的反倾销税率也是世界最高的,由此造成的损失非常巨大.反倾销已成为中国企业和中国会计界必须面对的话题.因此,从新会计准则实施(2007年1月1日在中国上市公司率先采用)的视角审视反倾销,研究我国企业反倾销应诉中的会计权益问题,具有重要的理论与现实意义.