Integer-ratio policies for distribution/inventory systems

We study a multistage distribution/inventory system with a central warehouse and N retailers. Customer demand arrives at each retailer at a constant rate. The retailers replenish their inventories from the warehouse, which in turn orders from an outside supplier. It is assumed that shortages are not allowed and lead times are negligible. The goal is to determine policies which minimize the overall cost in the system, that is, the sum of the costs at each facility consisting of a fixed charge per order and a holding unit cost. We propose a heuristic procedure to compute near-optimal policies. Computational results on several randomly generated problems are reported.     

The joint replenishment and freight consolidation of a warehouse in a supply chain

We have developed joint replenishment and consolidated freight delivery policies for a third party warehouse that handles multiple items, which have deterministic demand rates in a supply chain. Two policies are proposed and mathematical models are developed to obtain the optimal parameters for the proposed policies. Four efficient algorithms are presented to solve the mathematical models for the two policies. The performances of the two policies with the parameters obtained from the proposed algorithms are then compared with the common cycle approach for 1600 randomly generated problems. The results show the robust performance of the proposed algorithm for both policies.     

Realigning industrial marketing channels

Dramatic changes are occurring in industrial patterns of distribution. This article provides a structure for analyzing realignments in industrial marketing channels. Specifically, the analysis centers on the channel efficiency and effectiveness dimensions that were generated by a shift from industrial distributors to a public warehouse.     

Inventory control in a two-level supply chain with risk pooling effect

We consider an inventory control problem in a supply chain consisting of a single supplier, with a central distribution center (CDC) and multiple regional warehouses, and multiple retailers. We focus on the problem of selecting warehouses to be used among a set of candidate warehouses, assigning each retailer to one of the selected warehouses and determining replenishment plans for the warehouses and the retailers. For the problem with the objective of minimizing the sum of warehouse operation costs, inventory holding costs at the warehouses and the retailers, and transportation costs from the CDC to warehouses as well as from warehouses to retailers, we present a non-linear mixed integer programming model and develop a heuristic algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation and subgradient optimization methods. A series of computational experiments on randomly generated test problems shows that the heuristic algorithm gives relatively good solutions in a reasonable computation time.     

Applications of computers in R & D management

R & D Managers use computers extensively in solving technical problems. This paper examines the use they make of computers in solving Management problems. Applications of computers to various aspects of R & D programme formulation, project planning, technical information storage and retrieval, management information systems, and computer-aided training have been investigated by many companies and, in some cases, have been implemented. Some of the techniques have become well established but others are still at a development stage. No attempt has been made to evaluate the techniques described. This topic was the subject of a study by a Working Group of the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA), and a report ‘Computers as Aids to R & D Management’ was distributed to members of the Association. EIRMA has now agreed to release information contained in that report and this paper is based on that information updated by the author, who was Chairman of the EIRMA Working Group.     

Applications of computers in R & D management

R & D Managers use computers extensively in solving technical problems. This paper examines the use they make of computers in solving Management problems. Applications of computers to various aspects of R & D programme formulation, project planning, technical information storage and retrieval, management information systems, and computer-aided training have been investigated by many companies and, in some cases, have been implemented. Some of the techniques have become well established but others are still at a development stage. No attempt has been made to evaluate the techniques described.
This topic was the subject of a study by a Working Group of the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA), and a report 'Computers as Aids to R & D Management' was distributed to members of the Association. EIRMA has now agreed to release information contained in that report and this paper is based on that information updated by the author, who was Chairman of the EIRMA Working Group.     

成品油销售企业冬季0号车用柴油质量管理探讨

成品油销售企业在冬季销售0号柴油过程中,经常发生因在低温环境油品结蜡而引发的顾客投诉。认为,成品油销售企业流通过程中存在质量风险的环节主要包括油品入库、出库、运输、进站、储存等。指出,要制定合理的冬季0号车用柴油销售策略和有效的质量管理控制措施,才能避免纠纷投诉。     

零售企业流线网络综合权研究

参照流线网络的研究思路,通过对零售企业的作业流程特征分析,建立零售企业的流线网络。在假定供应商承担运输费用(从供应商到配送中心),消费者承担最后"一公里"的运输费用的基础上,分析供应商与配送中心的到货环节、仓储过程的可选作业环节、配送环节3个作业环节,并将这3个环节的广义费用区分为正常费用和额外费用。最后将每个环节的正常费用和额外费用相加,作为零售企业流线网络中两类边(供应商与配送中心之间的边和配送中心与销售点之间的边)的综合权。     

Competition in Grocery Retailing: The Impact of a New Strategic Group on BLS Price Increases

Metropolitan areas with a significant presence of warehouse stores had lower retail food price increases during 1977 to 1992 than did areas with no warehouse stores. The negative impact occurred largely during the first half of the 15-year period. Strategic learning appears to have led to a different response from incumbent supermarkets during 1985–1992. Change in prices was positively related to change in concentration and negatively related to entry.     

一种超市OLAP系统的设计与实现

在简要分析OLAP和数据仓库的关系的基础上,介绍了某超市OLAP系统的一种体系结构、数据组织模式及其有关实现的关键技术,提出了一种建立在MSAnalysisServices上的OLAP系统的设计与实现方法。它采用MicrosoftSQLServer2000作为后台数据库服务器,使用MicrosoftSQLServer2000的AnalysisServices作为OLAP服务器,使用决策支持对象来管理OLAPServer中的各种对象,使用ADO/MD及MDX等技术实现多维分析。     

基于数据仓库的客户服务系统的设计与实现

探讨了数据仓库在某个电信行业客户服务系统的应用,介绍了基于数据仓库的客户服务系统的基本框架,提出了6个主要客户应用,利用Sybase数据仓库解决方案建立了客户服务系统,并给出了分析用户联络行为的1个应用实例,为电信行业客户服务中心提高服务质量和决策效率提供了新的思路。     

Indicators of Local Housing Affordability: Comparative and Spatial Approaches

This paper focuses on the measurement of local housing affordability problems. A number of different housing market indicators are offered that help identify the magnitude and nature of housing affordability problems and their geographic distribution. This interest is prompted by the predominance of housing affordability problems and the severity of the problems for many of the lowest income renter households. In addition, there is significant policy interest in "the national goal that every American family be able to afford a decent home in a suitable environment" (National Affordable Housing Act of 1990). This paper develops measures of the spatial distribution of affordability problems and implements measures of the mismatch between the demand and supply of housing affordable to the lowest income households.     

How to use instrumental variables in addressing endogeneity? A step-by-step procedure for non-specialists

Endogeneity issues in empirical research have received increasing academic attention. Tackling endogeneity problems effectively and using the appropriate estimation techniques are important quality benchmarks in the publication process of many academic journals. In this paper, we discuss the use of instrumental variables (IVs) in business and marketing research, with a particular focus on its implementation in STATA. We discuss several pre- and postestimation tests that researchers can use to implement various versions of IVs in STATA, including two-stage least squares regression, limited information maximum likelihood estimation, and generalized method of moments.     

FRID技术在物流仓储管理中的应用

物流业发展迅速,采用自动化技术来提高效率,但有很多工作仍需要人工完成,容易出错。而无线射频识别技术(RFID)在仓库中作为信息传递的载体,可以有效避免人工输入可能出现的失误,大大提高工作效率。利用RFID无限射频技术并结合ABC库存管理法对货物的入库、出库、盘点进行自动化管理,实现仓储的自动化管理。     

数据仓库技术在作物栽培上的应用

为充分利用作物生长及气候、土壤、田间管理、病虫草害等相关数据,发现作物生长、繁育过程中的规律和特点,进一步指导农业科研和生产,阐述了作物栽培数据仓库的实现,包括数据抽取、转换和装载,数据模型建立工具,手工输入数据、元数据管理,数据追加,联机分析处理及结果输出等,并使用作物栽培数据仓库建立了大豆栽培数据仓库系统,有力地推动了大豆育种、种植等科研和生产活动,是数据仓库技术应用于农作物栽培的有益探索。     

油气田通用阀门入库质量检验的实践与认识

油气田地面工艺流程设施中,阀门是非常重要的受压管控元件。对长庆油田通用阀门采购入库质量检验的程序及存在的问题进行了阐述,着重剖析了出现的主要质量问题,针对油气田所使用阀门品种型号杂、数量大、量程范围广的情况,长庆技术监测中心研究制定并积极实施《器材入库质量检验检测工艺改造方案》,技术改造完成后,将全面实现阀门入库质量检验的数字化、智能化和流水线作业。     

基于Web的企业管理系统的设计探讨

本文探讨了工作流的思想方法,主要论述了企业管理系统的设计思想及技术实现方案。该系统综合运用ASP技术、数据库访问技术等技术,设计实现了四大功能模块:仓库管理功能模块、成本核算功能模块、非材料管理功能模块和后台管理功能模块,为用户解决了企业仓库管理、非材料管理、后台管理和成本核算等实际问题,它为企业各种信息的管理和企业成本核算提供了具体的实现框架,具有现实意义和实际应用价值。     

浅谈自动化立体仓库管理系统

自动化立体仓库是近代才崛起的新型仓储设施,是一个复杂的自动化管理系统,它由众多的子系统组成。在自动化仓库中,为了完成规定的任务,各系统之间、各设备之间要进行大量的信息交流,介绍了自动化立体仓库的特点、产生和发展及自动化立体仓库各系统的组成和功能。     

What A National Commission on Neighborhoods Could Do

This paper addresses the problems to be faced by a national commission on neighborhoods. Legislation to create such a study group was introduced during the past year, in conjunction with renewed interest in neighborhood conservation and revitalization. However, there have been many earlier study groups that have already made most of the recommendations which might be expected from a new effort. The work of a new commission should therefore focus on the ways in which the study group conducts its activities. For instance, a new commission should explicitly assess existing programs (with a view toward reducing some of the less efficient or contradictory ones), should broaden its attempts to solicit the views of residents, should conduct advocate inquiries in addition to research analyses, should focus on the organizational problems of implementing any new recommendations, and should help neighborhoods to develop simple techniques for monitoring neighborhood change. This paper also points out some of the critical issues that any new study group must face, including the problem that the prime candidates for neighborhood preservation are not likely to be poverty neighborhoods. Therefore, neighborhood revitalization policies cannot easily serve both middle- and low-income constituents.     

面向融通仓系统的物流企业选择优化研究

融通仓系统建立过程中的一个关键环节就是物流企业的选择,它直接关系到该系统能否稳定持续地运行。针对融通仓系统物流企业选择过程所面临的信息不完全性、复杂性、未确知性,本文引入修正熵权的未确知测度方法建立决策模型,该模型将专家确定的权重与熵权结合起来,得到综合考虑主客观因素的指标权重向量,从而提高权重确定的准确性和评价结果的可信度。最后通过案例分析论述了具体的应用过程,表明该模型的合理性和有效性,为融通仓系统物流企业的优化选择提供一套切实可行的方法。