多层喷淋盘式分布器的初始分布装置设计

为了保证应用于竖管降膜蒸发器的多层喷淋盘式分布器的布膜效果 ,其初始分布装置设计应合理。指出 :初始分布装置由分散盘和挡圈组成。分散盘由挡圈、底板及周向均布的支撑筋板组成。挡圈由筒圈及周向均布的支撑筋板组成。对分散盘的直径、堰高、齿缝及挡圈的直径、高度等结构参数的确定进行了讨论 ,给出了相应计算公式。通过实验进行了验证 ,取得了满意的效果 ,可作为多层喷淋盘式分布器的设计依据。     

降膜式蒸发器液体分布装置的结构优化设计

降膜蒸发器因其优异的性能在化工行业应用广泛。由液体分布装置和管板组成的布液系统是整个降膜蒸发器的关键部件。文章重点对液体分布装置进行阐述,针对传统盘式分布器出现的分布堰布液不均、盘面加工变形大、安装和定位方式等问题进行了结构优化设计。     

降低管式降膜蒸发器汽耗的探讨与应用

降低生产能耗是所有生产企业的共同追求。中铝山东分公司第二氧化铝厂所选用的管式降膜蒸发器在运行数年后汽耗逐步攀升,影响到了企业的经济运行。通过对该蒸发器的现场调研取证,从蒸发器管壁结疤、降膜密度、系统真空度、仪表精度等方面分析了导致蒸发器汽耗上升的原因,并有针对性地实施了清理蒸发器加热管、稳定降膜密度、调解循环水温度、提高仪表精度等改进措施,经过几个月的改进,该蒸发器的汽耗得到了显著降低,并为今后进一步降低生产能耗提供了指导。     

计算机辅助填料塔液体分布器设计

研究了塔器CAD中填料塔液体分布器的可视化设计，并以窄槽式液体分布器为例，利用VisualUSP语言作为开发工具，在AutoCAD平台上实现了该设计。     

糖粉收集系统的优化改进

文氏管-旋风水膜型式的糖粉收集系统越来越多地在糖厂使用,一些问题也逐渐暴露出来。结合该系统在各个糖厂的使用情况,针对各分系统存在的问题采取了一些列优化改进措施并取得良好效果。     

蒸发技术在煤化工浓盐污水零排放中的应用研究

当前,蒸发技术主要包括薄膜式循环蒸发器配备强制多效循环蒸发器、外加式强制蒸发器配备自然循环多效蒸发器、电驱动压缩蒸发器配备单效降膜式蒸发器三种。以下是我主要围绕薄膜式循环蒸发器配备强制多效循环循环蒸发器技术展开的论述,希望能过对相关从业者提供一定的参考价值。     

无机膜管及密封圈断裂破损的原因分析

无机膜过滤器是分子筛生产中常用的过滤设备,分析无机膜过滤器膜管频繁断裂、密封圈频繁破损的原因,介绍解决方案。     

螺旋段塞流捕集器的设计与优化

段塞流捕集器是油田地面集输工程中至关重要的设备,其运行性能对保障下游设备内气液流量的稳定具有重大影响。针对液体携带的强动能会对设备内件产生撞击、造成下游设备内液面波动过大等问题,提出螺旋段塞流捕集器设计方案,结构型式以螺旋分配器、聚结板、导流板、折流板为主要部件。采用计算流体动力学模拟软件FLUENT,基于双欧拉模型,考察螺旋分配器的消能效果和螺旋段塞流捕集器的流动过程。针对介质流速过大(9 m/s)时仍有较大残余动能,提出为螺旋分配器加筛型盖板,将聚结板改为稳流板的优化措施。优化后,气相经过气体稳流板,具有残余动能的液相进入液体稳流板,气液两相均得到较好的稳流效果,较大程度上解决了混输段塞流对油气集输运行设备的影响,提升了油气勘探开发过程的安全性。     

膨胀悬挂器在永3-侧87井的现场应用

可膨胀管悬挂器(ELH)为尾管固井、完井工艺中一项革新型工具，可以成功地解决常规悬挂器因其原理和结构特点带来的固井施工难题及重叠段固井质量差等问题，成为下一代悬挂器研究的重点。文中以实体膨胀悬挂器系统为例，介绍了其结构原理及应用情况。     

井下节流温压分布模型及水合物的预防

本文将气井井筒温度压力预测模型和节流温降压降模型相结合，建立了井筒节流温压分布模型。该模型可以预测节流后井筒沿程温度、压力等重要参数的分布，为气井井筒水合物的防治提供了重要依据；并通过结合水合物预测模型，验证了井下节流器对水合物防治的有效性。     

Supply source selection criteria: The impact of supplier performance on distributor performance

In drawing attention to certain important gaps in the purchasing literature, the study reports on a systematic examination of supplier performance in purchasing decision criteria of U.K. distributor firms of information technology (IT) products. An attempt is made to explore the presence of dimensions underlying supplier performance in buying decision elements and identify potential differences in distributor performance with regard to supplier performance in important purchasing decision criteria. Based on a survey sample of 237 distributors, the results suggest significant differences between highly performing and poorly performing distributors in relation to their suppliers' performance in four buying decision criterion dimensions: reliability, competitive pricing, service support, and technological capability. The implications of the findings for business practitioners are highlighted, and directions for future research are identified.     

Industrial distributors: Can they survive in the new economy?

As e-commerce evolves and gains power in the business-to-business (B2B) marketplace, what lies ahead for the industrial distributor? The fundamental issue from the distributor's point of view is how to compete more effectively and profitably, given the changing business environment of the new economy. This paper reviews the literature on the distributor's role and relationships and introduces a conceptual model of distributor viability. The model identifies sources of value that distributors offer to manufacturers and customers, including customer relationship management (CRM), production and operations management (POM), and knowledge management (KM). The paper explores the managerial implications of distributor relationships and sources of value. This provides the foundation for better understanding of the viability of industrial distributors in the new economy.     

Performance implications of distributor effectiveness, trust, and culture in import channels of distribution

Recent research has highlighted the need to examine international channels of distribution from the viewpoint of the industrial distributor, with a focus on how distributors may add value to their channel relationships. The present research responds to such calls and focuses on the value added in terms of the extent of channel functions undertaken by the distributor on behalf of export-manufacturers. Trust is also examined as a source of added value that may be particularly important for cross-cultural relationships. Trust is investigated for its mediating effects on otherwise detrimental effects of cultural value differences. We also examine the presence of explicit legal contracts used to govern channel relationships and find that the use of such contracts may also hinder distributor perceptions of performance.     

The role of program fairness in asymmetrical channel relationships

Managing distributor compliance with manufacturer-initiated programs is critical to both program success and relationship enhancement. This study examines how a manufacturer might better motivate distributors with varying levels of dependence. Previous research suggests that two variables influence distributor compliance: economic incentives and dependence dynamics. Drawing from fairness heuristic theory, this study extends previous research by investigating the role of fairness in affecting compliance and long-term relationships. The authors observe the contingent effect of fairness along various levels of distributor dependence. In the context of a naturally occurring program, the authors collect data from a focal manufacturer's distribution channel and find that (1) fairness perceptions have significant impacts on both compliance and relational outcomes, (2) the efficacy of program fairness declines as distributor dependence increases, and (3) distributor dependence increases the effect of economic incentives on compliance. The authors discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.     

Defending Home against Giants: Exclusive Dealing as a Survival Strategy for Local Firms*

We consider exclusive contracts a survival strategy for a local incumbent manufacturer facing a multinational manufacturer's entry. Although both manufacturers prefer to trade with an efficient local distributor, trading with inefficient competitive distributors is acceptable only to the entrant, because of the entrant's efficiency. Hence, such competitive distributors can be an outside option for the entrant. As the entrant becomes efficient, the outside option works effectively, implying that the entry does not considerably benefit the efficient local distributor. Thus, the local manufacturer is more likely to sign an anticompetitive exclusive contract with the efficient distributor as the entrant becomes efficient.     

Computer usage in distributor marketing

The use of computer systems by industrial distributors in marketing management is explored. Based upon the results of a mail survey and personal interviews with distributor managers, the article identifies where distributors are now in terms of computer usage, where they are going, and what steps need to be taken to improve their use of the computer in marketing management.     

The effects of distributor relationship commitment and relationship exploration on opportunism: The moderating roles of exchange uncertainties and network factors

Channel management entails both the evaluating of incumbent business partners and simultaneously seeking potential new partners. In supplier–distributor exchanges, distributors can explore alternative suppliers while still committing to incumbent suppliers. While the current literature has demonstrated the importance of relationship commitment, the consequences of relationship exploration and whether that exploration is harmful to any incumbent relationships remain unclear. Drawing from relational governance and social network theories, this study thus examines how distributor dual relationship strategies of commitment and exploration influence their opportunistic behavior. The findings from a survey of 328 distributor firms indicate that relationship commitment leads to reduced opportunism; yet relationship exploration exerts no significant main effect on opportunism. More interestingly, these effects are subject to two types of uncertainty and two characteristics of distributor network wherein the focal exchange relationship resides. Specifically, behavioral uncertainty—an internal source of uncertainty—aggravates the opportunism that arises from both strategies, whereas, environmental uncertainty—an external source of uncertainty—alleviates both these effects. The distributor's network density weakens the effect of relationship commitment on opportunism, but network centrality strengthens this effect. By contrasting relationship commitment with relationship exploration under multiple moderating conditions, this study advances the extant channel relationship management literature and practice.     

An integrated approach to the development of channel strategy

For many manufacturing firms, a successful strategy for product distribution can play a key role in the delivery of product and technology excellence to their customers. This article presents a framework for an effective industrial distribution strategy for the manufacturing firm that allows it to find the best possible balance between its corporate strategic goals and the interests of its distributors. Our strategy addresses three critical issues: distributor loyalty, distributor effectiveness and capability, and conflict resolution. The strategy is grounded in a literature review of emerging trends and issues in industrial distribution. It is hoped that the proposed strategy can help firms find direction for managing their distribution efforts into the year 2000 and beyond.