我国商业银行表外业务发展面临的风险问题探究

随着我国资本市场的逐渐成熟,我国商业银行表外业务也蓬勃发展,呈现一片良好势头,但是,由于表外业务无法体现在银行的财务报表中,缺乏足够的信息透明度,因此表外业务成为了部分银行一定程度上规避监管的一种手段,这使得银行的管理层和监管机构都承担着较大的风险。文中主要通过分析当前一些表外业务在快速迅猛地发展过程中暴露出的问题,又结合与当前的会计准则进行研究,得出银行以及相关信息使用者和投资者应该注意的主要风险问题,并提出相应的一些风险应对措施,希望能给我国商业银行发展表外业务提供理论建议。     

基于新会计准则的会计信息价值相关性分析

新会计准则在上市公司实施后,资产负债表和利润表的会计信息的价值相关性有了提高,其中利润表的会计信息价值相关性的提高程度要好于资产负债表的会计信息价值相关性的提高程度。公允价值信息是新会计准则所产生的主要增量信息。新会计准则实施后,公允价值信息具有价值相关性。但是,由于资本市场在2008年受到了金融危机的影响,公允价值信息的相关性在该年表现不是很显著。可见,新会计准则的实施提高了会计信息的价值相关性,但是资产负债表观没有得到有效体现,公允价值信息的价值相关性容易受到资本市场环境的影响。     

NEW MODES OF MONETARY POLICY: QUALITATIVE EASING BY THE FED

Recent developments in monetary policy demand new analytical tools, in particular an analysis of central banks' balance sheets. During the sub-prime crisis the balance sheet of the Federal Reserve System deteriorated substantially. In this article we analyse the process of this deterioration in detail.     

Verifying the state of financing constraints: Evidence from U.S. business credit contracts

Many policymakers are concerned that tight financing constraints for small businesses are stalling the recovery from the Great Recession. This paper empirically assesses two agency problems that induce such financing constraints—one resulting in a “firm balance sheet channel” and one resulting in a “bank balance sheet channel”. Evaluating specific models of these two agency problems against a comprehensive data set of U.S. small business credit contracts, I find strong support for the firm balance sheet channel but only weak support for the bank balance sheet channel. A complementary regression analysis confirms this result. Hence, policies seeking to improve firms’ balance sheets may be desirable to support small business lending in the recovery from the Great Recession.     

Wilhelm Röpke and Richard C. Koo On Secondary Deflations and Balance Sheet Recessions

The concept of a ‘secondary deflation’ was developed in the 1930s by the German economist Wilhelm Röpke, who saw it as something different from a normal depression. While a primary deflation is a necessary reaction to the inflation from a boom period, a secondary deflation is independent and economically purposeless. Röpke argued that secondary depressions occurred in the US, Germany, France and Switzerland during the 1930s, but was vague on what made them follow primary depressions. Recently, the Taiwanese–American economist Richard C. Koo has claimed to have discovered the ‘Holy Grail of macroeconomics’, that is, what made the Great Depression so deep and long. During the Great Depression, the bursting of the asset price bubble resulted in private sectors having more debt than assets; as they shifted from maximising profits to minimising debt, the consequent debt deflation shrank the economy. According to Koo, Western economies today are suffering from a similar ‘balance sheet recession’. Strengthened by the notion of a balance sheet recession, Röpke's long‐lost insights might advance our understanding of the business cycle in general and the present crisis in the US and the Eurozone in particular.     

基于应计可靠性的资产负债表重构

通行的应计制会计下,应计项目的可靠程度可能是会计盈余信息是否真实的关键。区别于传统资产负债表按照流动性高低进行排列,在分析应计项目可靠性高低的基础上,按照可靠性的高低对资产负债表进行重构,使会计信息使用者可以更好地解读应计项目的可靠性及各类会计信息的真实性。     

Accounting treatment and internal controls in financial shared services ofmultinational corporations

Financial shared services （FSS） play an important role in multinational corporations for the effective cost management. FSS also can reduce errors and fraud so as to achieve perfect internal controls by standardized and procedural business processes which are important parts of internal controls. This paper emphasizes on two popular procedures and methods in multinational corporations. One is balance sheet reconciliation. It can illustrate the situation of accounts on an accrual basis which are the focus of internal audit and external audit. The other is Interco-Sop （Intercompany-standard operating procedure） which are important for to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of accounting system and internal controls.     

浅析资产负债表日后事项的会计处理

由于财务报表的编制与报出之间存在时间差异,在这段时间内会发生一些经济业务,经济业务的发生会引起企业财务报表报出时的财务状况、经营成果等方面的实际情况与财务报表中反映的情况不一致,这说明财务报表报出时反映的财务信息不真实。因此,如何正确处理企业资产负债表日后发生的事项,对于提高会计核算的质量和保证财务信息的真实可靠是非常重要的。     

The fiscal and monetary response to COVID‐19: What the Great Depression has – and hasn't – taught us

Although some regard the New Deal of the 1930s as exemplifying an aggressive fiscal and monetary response to a severe economic crisis, the US fiscal and monetary policy responses to the COVID‐19 crisis have actually been far more substantial – and, so far, much more effective in reviving aggregate spending. Although many fear that these responses, and the large‐scale increase in bank reserves especially, must eventually cause unwanted inflation, the concurrent sharp decline in money's velocity has thus far more than offset any inflationary effects of money growth, while forward bond prices reflect a general belief that inflation will remain below 2 per cent for at least another decade. Notwithstanding the growth of the Fed's balance sheet, Fed authorities can always check inflation by sufficiently raising the interest return on bank reserves. Nonetheless, recent developments have heightened the risk of ‘fiscal dominance’ of monetary policy at some point in the future.     

棋盘式资产负债表的设计与编制

现行的资产负债表是一张典型的静态报表,它填报口径单一,提供的信息有限,勾稽关系少,不利于分析与利用,有待改进。本文设计的棋盘式资产负债表在现行资产负债表的基础上,引入动态栏目,采用两种填报口径,同时提供静态存量信息和动态流量信息,既反映结果,又揭示成因,因果关系清晰,提供的信息量大,有利于信息的分析和利用。     

所得税会计准则解析——资产负债观在新会计准则中的体现

2006年发布的所得税会计准则,要求采用资产负债表债务法,引入计税基础计量暂时性差异,重在规范递延所得税资产或负债的确认及计量,在资产及负债存量可靠、完整的基础上,从资产及负债的增减变动导出对所得税费用的影响金额,体现了资产负债观在我国会计规范中的运用。     

基于政府视角的自然资源资产负债表编制探讨

探索编制自然资源资产负债表是加快推进我国生态文明建设、推动经济可持续发展的重要战略任务,编制科学有效的自然资源资产负债表,有助于政府提高自然资源管理水平,充分发挥政府职能,并能明确各部门及领导干部的生态责任,切实保障政府所有者权益。但目前自然资源资产负债表的研究仍处于探索阶段,无论是理论基础还是实践经验都严重缺失,相关概念的界定、计量方法和编制框架等基本问题都亟待解决。基于政府视角,对自然资源资产负债表的构成要素进行了系统的剖析,深入探讨了自然资源产权、核算方法与计量模式等基本问题,拟定了基本编制框架,并对政府编制工作的开展和未来发展提出了建议。     

关于所得税资产负债表债务法的思考

所得税“时间性差异”的概念和债务法的处理方法在国际上已有了进一步的认识和发展,在当今我国会计的国际化进程加快的情况下,引入“暂时性差异”的概念并采用资产负债表债务法来进行该差异的处理是所得税会计的发展趋势。本文通过对两种差异的深入研究及对资产负债表债务法与损益表债务法的比较分析,对资产负债表债务法在我国采用的现实基础及发展前景进行阐述。     

生态平衡的哲学思考

维护生态平衡,保护自然环境关系到我们人类自身的生存和发展的根本利益。长期以来,人类以自我为中心,将自然界当作可以所以索取的宝库和任意排放的回收站,伴随着人口膨胀,生态平衡已经面临着严峻的挑战。本文对在人类错误自然观指导下导致的生态危机进行了分析,提出了一些关于维护生态平衡的思考和想法。     

Trading income and bank charter value during the financial crisis: Does derivatives dealer designation matter?

Derivative markets have exploded over the last decade, remained active in the midst of the 2007–2009 financial crisis and continue to be dominated by a small group of bank holding companies (BHC). BHC motives for derivative usage are usually tied to hedging purposes (balance sheet risk management), trading purposes (profit motives) or some combination thereof. This paper examines the relationship between derivative trading income and bank charter value for 27 BHC between 2001Q1 and 2011Q3. We find that the impact of derivative trading income on bank charter value, using Tobin's Q, is very small and seems to be tied to BHCs derivatives dealer trading designation. We also find that trading incomes are a modest fraction of net operating revenue, highly volatile, and did not contribute to overall BHC income during the crisis.     

外汇衍生金融工具会计披露的规范研究

外汇衍生金融工具的会计披露直接关系到内部管理者和外部使用者的经济决策,所以其是外汇衍生金融工具会计的一个重要内容。本文根据目前外汇衍生金融工具的会计披露现状,对会计披露方面表内要素列示和表外信息披露进行了研究,并提出规范这些方面的具体建议。     

商业银行表外业务信用风险管理研究

对商业银行表内业务信用风险的管理,目前国际上有许多成熟的成果。但最近,商业银行表外业务占据了越来越重要的地位,其风险管理也引起了关注。本文论述了表外业务具有高杠杆性等特点,当今国外表外业务迅猛发展势头及我国的表外业务现状,说明加强对表外业务信用风险管理的必要性。文章引介了两种度量表外业务信用风险度量的方法:BIS模型和信用风险度量术,最后对这两种方法进行了实例分析。     

Work-life balance – a neglected issue among Austrian female expatriates

Previous research has highlighted the importance of subjective well-being and the expatriate's supportive personal environment for the success of an international assignment. As studies focusing on work-life balance of expatriates are still very rare, and research dealing with this topic from a gender perspective seems to be almost non-existent, this study emphasizes the work-life balance situation of female expatriates on foreign assignments. After having interviewed 10 female expatriates, results clearly support the existing state of the art in this field. Thereby work intrusion into family life, for example, has proven to have stronger impact on an expatriate's life than vice versa. Furthermore, several issues so far neglected in the literature have been revealed that influence women's work-life balance abroad. The importance of leisure time, social networks, sports and personal confidence can be determined. Additionally, as work-life balance has an individual meaning, support measures offered by companies are thus also required to be tailored individually. This paper reports on narrative interviews with female expatriates and provides more insight into the subject of work-life balance of international women managers. It begins by reviewing the literature on work-life balance and expatriation before analysing the specific matters of work-life balance of female expatriates and asking how women deal with the additional stress and pressure arising on an international assignment. Then, the underlying Grounded Theory Method is discussed before presenting the findings and discussing their implications in terms of future research.     

Financial Recovery and Structural Changes in the Economy

How significant is the Soviet Union's financial crisis? Sergei Vasil'ev, of the Institute of Finance and Economics in Leningrad, argues that the financial crisis is the key to future developments in the Soviet economy and that heavy industry can be expected to suffer as the budget deficit is brought into balance.     

Predicting Major Economic Events with Accuracy: A New Framework for Scientific Macroeconomic Models

Despite intense studies over the last several hundred years, the questions about causes, forecasting, and prevention of economic crises remain unsolved. The poor performance of macroeconomic models during the Great Recession of 2008 has forced many economists to reexamine macroeconomic theories and search for credible alternatives to the agent‐based and general‐equilibrium models now currently used by most economists. This article derives a new category of macroeconomic model and applies it conceptually to explain the causes of economic crises. This model, known as the indeterministic balance sheet plus (IBS+) model, is a special breed of accounting models. It takes an indeterministic view of future balance sheets. This article proposes a classification of causes of economic crises using IBS+ models to analyze balance sheets of key economic sectors. Most economic crises are caused by mismanagement of balance sheets by key economic players, not by any fundamental flaw of capitalism. The frequency of economic crises can be minimized by proper risk management practices, but economic crises can never be completely eliminated. Historically, treating mismanagement of balance sheets as the main cause of economic crises is a generalization of Austrian business cycle theory, Fisher's debt deflation theory, and Minsky's financial instability hypothesis.