Television advertising exposure and children’s nutritional awareness

The nutritional implications of children’s advertising has bean an issue of interest for nearly two decades. This study examines the relationship between the amount of a child’s exposure to television commercials and a child’s nutritional awareness. Nutritional awareness is measured by tests for nutritional knowledge and level of understanding of nutritional phraseology. The results indicate that exposure to television advertising during times characterized by a high proportion of child-oriented commercials is associated with lower scores on nutritional knowledge and understanding of nutritional phraseology. This relationship was not found for times characterized by a mixture of child- and nonchild-oriented advertising. Exposure to nonchild-oriented commercials was found to correlate with higher nutritional knowledge scores. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Learning effect in multinational diffusion of consumer durables: An exploratory investigation

Literature reflects that a product/technological innovation introduced later in a country results in faster diffusion as the consumers in the lag market have an opportunity to learn about the new product from the consumers in the lead market. A systematic understanding of the learning that takes place between consumers in two countries—a pair of lead and lag countries—can provide insights for a firm’s international market entry decisions. To provide a richer understanding of the underlying structure and patterns that govern this process, propositions linking factors (country characteristics, product/innovation characteristics, and time lag) to the learning process are drawn. Subsequently, these propositions are tested through an empirical investigation of the diffusion patterns of four consumer innovations in multiple European countries. The findings help provide some preliminary guidelines for manufacturers regarding selection of foreign markets and the timing and order-of-entry decisions. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Houston in 1995. His research interests include global competition and marketing strategy, brand equity and brand extensions, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty, and issues pertaining to product development and introduction. He has been recognized with numerous teaching and research excellence awards and has published numerous articles in many scholarly journals in marketing and forecasting. He has coauthored the textbookMarketing Research and is currently working on a book titledInternational Marketing Research, which is based on his marketing research experience across the globe. He is on the editorial review board of many journals and has lectured on marketing-related topics in various universities worldwide. His research interests include developing forecasting models, international marketing strategy and research issues, models for sales promotions, and new methodologies for product positioning and market segmentation. His research interests focus on marketing strategy and international marketing. He has published articles and presented at conferences on research in his area of interest.     

An analysis of need-appeals in television advertising

No empirical data is available that analyzes the need-appeals currently being used by advertisers. To fill this void, an extensive study is presented which analyzed the need-appeals in every television advertisement for nine product categories over a three month period. Need-appeals were classified acording to both Murray's and Maslow's lists of needs. The authors wish to acknowledge the extensive research efforts of the following graduate students: Charles Foster, Julia Humphries, Susan Jenkins, Leslie Levitan, Judson Loupot, Jr., Larry O'Neal, Lisa Penaloza, Stanley Schoeppey, Robin Schriefer, Physllis Vincent, and Rae Wilkinson. Avertisers “have concentrated far too much attention on the product and far too little on the need the product satisfies.”-George Gallup This list of twenty needs in what Murray calls the “manifest” needs. In all, Murray originally cited thirty-seven needs. However, these twenty were the only ones that Murray empirically defined. Therefore, only these twenty are usually included in “Murray's List of Needs.”     

品牌效用对品牌权益影响之实证分析

品牌权益是企业宝贵的无形资产,其来源于消费者的品牌认知,消费者感知的品牌效用对品牌权益有重要影响。从品牌忠诚、溢价支付意愿两个维度研究品牌效用对品牌权益的影响,结果发现:产品功能性效用对品牌忠诚有显著影响,而产品象征效用对品牌忠诚影响不显著;品牌功能效用、品牌情感效用对品牌忠诚、溢价支付意愿均有显著影响,品牌象征效用对品牌忠诚有正向作用,对溢价支付意愿影响不显著;同时,品牌忠诚对溢价支付意愿具有非常显著影响。     

Socializing children about television: An intergenerational study

This article describes a study on mothers’ views of television and children’s perceptions of their mothers’ socialization efforts regarding television. Results from the investigation involving 174 mother and child (in Grades 3–6) dyads suggest that mothers’ perceptions of their responsibilities regarding children’s television viewing vary by parental style. In addition, children’s perceptions of mothers’ verbal interactions about TV and coviewing together with opinions, monitoring, and controlling of television similarly vary across parental styles. These findings support previous research that parental styles play a role in determining the manner in which mothers socialize their offspring about television. Les Carlson (Ph.D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln) is a professor of marketing at Clemson University. His research interests center on consumer socialization and environmental advertising. His work has appeared inInternational Marketing Review, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Advertising, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, Journal of General Psychology, Journal of Macromarketing, Journal of Marketing Education, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, and various conference proceedings. He is a past editor of theJournal of Advertising. Russell N. Laczniak (Ph.D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln) is a professor of marketing and chair, Departments of Management and Marketing, at Iowa State University. His primary research interests deal with marketing communication. His research has been published in theJournal of Consumer Psychology, Journal of Advertising, Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Journal of Business Research, Psychology and Marketing, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Journal of Marketing Communications, Marketing Letters, and various conference proceedings. Ann Walsh (Ph.D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln) is an assistant professor of marketing at Western Illinois University. She has published in theJournal of Advertising, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Consumer Affairs, and American Marketing Association Educators’ Proceedings.     

The moderating effect of organizational cohesiveness in knowledge use and new product development

This study examined the influence of cohesiveness, an organizational cultural variable, on knowledge use and organizational learning within the context of new product development (NPD). The authors surveyed NPD managers from 323 firms, representing a wide range of product classifications, about their firms’ levels of cohesiveness and NPD efforts. Using structural equation modeling, the authors demonstrated that organizational cohesiveness has a moderating influence on both an organization’s use of its existing knowledge to develop innovative new products and the resulting performance of those products, which emphasizes how influential organizational “mind-set” can be. By considering cohesiveness an influence in new product innovativeness and new product performance, the authors incorporated a cultural variable that has received little attention in the NPD and more general marketing literature. This research reveals that much is left to learn about cohesiveness and that understanding it can advance knowledge use, organizational learning, and innovation. Beverly K. Brockman (bev-brockman@utc.edu) is an assistant professor of marketing at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. She holds BBA and MBA degrees from the University of Kentucky and a PhD from the University of Alabama. Her specialty areas include marketing strategy, entrepreneurship, product development, and organizational learning. Dr. Brockman has been an American Marketing Association Doctoral Consortium Fellow, and her work has been published inDecision Sciences, Journal of Services Research, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior, and others. Robert M. Morgan (rmorgan@cba.ua.edu) (PhD, 1991, Texas Tech University) is Phifer Faculty Fellow and department head, Department of Management and Marketing, in the Culverhouse College of Commerce and Business Administration at the University of Alabama. His interests focus on relationship marketing and marketing strategy, and his research in these areas has been published in theJournal of Marketing, theAcademy of Management Journal, Decision Sciences, and other journals and book chapters. His article “The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing,” coauthored with Shelby D. Hunt and published in 1993 in theJournal of Marketing, was recognized in 2004 by the Institute for Scientific Information as the most cited article in business and economics journals over the previous decade. His article “The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition,” also coauthored with Shelby D. Hunt and published in 1995 in theJournal of Marketing, received the Sheth Foundation/Journal of Marketing Award in 2004.     

Can you standardize international marketing strategy?

The intent of this paper is to examine the possibilities for standardization of marketing elements within a multinational marketing strategy. A majority view among international marketers is that each national is unique, and thus each must be treated as a separate and independent operation. This “localized” strategy view is examined first. A growing number of international marketers however, are finding that by standardizing various elements oftheir marketing strategy across national borders, cost savings and/or increased revenues to be realized can yield greater profits. The second, and major, part of the paper examines the opportunities for and potential benefits of standardization of product, packaging, advertisting, and pricing.     

Developing global products and marketing strategies: A construct and a research agenda

The U.S. trade deficit brings to question the effectiveness of international marketing strategies of American firms. Multinational corporations must develop better international products and improve their performance in their international marketing efforts. They must know when to globalize or localize their marketing practices. This article incorporates learning, involvement, diffusion/adoption and culture context as dimensions of a global product and marketing strategy development decision model. The model developed is “be global, act local.” The interrelationship of consumer behavior models in the context of a multinational product development decision is emphasized. This article raises research issues which need to be addressed for future success in multinational and/or multicultural markets.     

The impact of product market strategy-organizational culture fit on business performance

Drawing on the organization theory literature concerning configuration theory, competing values theory, and fit assessment methodologies, we examine the existence and performance impact of product market strategy–organization culture fit. Specifically, we assess the relationship among three important elements of a firm’s product market strategy and the four cultural orientations that comprise the competing values theory of organizational culture using primary and secondary data from the US trucking industry. Using two different conceptualizations and operationalizations of fit, our results provide the first empirical support for the existence of interrelationships among product market strategy decisions and organizational culture orientations consistent with configuration theory conceptualizations of product market strategy–organizational culture fit. We also find support for theorized but previously untested relationships between product market strategy–organizational culture fit and firms’ customer satisfaction and cash-flow return on assets (CFROA) performance. Since product market strategy is heavily reliant on the input of marketers, and organizational culture has long been recognized as having an important impact on marketing-related decision making, these findings have important implications for marketing strategy research and practice.     

How culture matters in children’s purchase influence: a multi-level investigation

Children’s purchase influence (CPI) is an important factor in understanding family consumption behavior. The present study investigated the effects of cultural adaptation, including the role of acculturation and ethnic-identification, on children’s role in family purchase decisions. By conceiving of CPI as a family context-dependent phenomenon, we hypothesized that parent–child cultural dissonance/consonance within the family influences CPI through a cross-level process. The hypotheses were tested on data collected from 99 Hong Kong Chinese immigrant family triads, i.e., father, mother, and a teenage child. The results showed that: (1) acculturation positively and ethnic-identification negatively influenced CPI for most products, (2) the interaction between acculturation and ethnic-identification had a positive influence on CPI, and (3) generational dissonance/consonance had significant moderating effects on CPI through a cross-level route.     

The moderating effects of insupplier/outsupplier status on organizational buyer attitudes

A conceptual model of the relationships among buyers’ perceptions of and attitudes toward elements of a vendor company’s marketing mix is developed and tested, and the moderating effects of insupplier/outsupplier status are assessed. Attitude centrality and self-perception theories predict that buyer perceptions of and attitudes toward the company, the salesperson, and the product will be more closely interlinked for insuppliers than for outsuppliers. Theory regarding category-based affect and attitude accessibility predicts that buyers will use extrinsic cues to a greater extent when making judgments about outsupplier as compared with insupplier salespeople. The results indicated significant moderating effects of insupplier/outsupplier status and generally validated predictions made on the basis of attitude theory. Perceived company reputation was more strongly related to salesperson and product attitudes for insuppliers than for outsuppliers. Extrinsic cues were used to a greater extent by buyers evaluating outsuppliers. Implications of the findings for management and a more complete understanding of organizational buying are discussed. His research interests include attitudinal influences on consumer and organizational buying behavior, sales force motivation, and job attitudes. His research has been published in theJournal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, andJournal of Advertising Research, as well asJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science.     

基于分位数回归的社会救助再就业人群收入研究

基于问卷调查微观数据,采用分位数回归方法对城镇社会救助再就业人群收入的影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明,一方面,人力资本是社会救助再就业人群收入的主要决定因素,但工作经验回报系数为负值,即人力资本“贬值”,且培训回报率不显著。另一方面,与城镇职工相比,城镇社会救助再就业人群在教育、工作经验、健康状况等方面的回报系数都低于城镇职工;城镇职工“身份”的工资溢价达到12％以上。因此,需要针对城镇社会救助再就业人群采取更有效的扶持政策。     

中国城市老年影视人口综合服务模式创新研究

本文基于市场人口学视角,以市场化和资源均衡目标为引导,对我国城市老年影视人口综合服务模式进行了深入研究。在探讨城市老年影视人口服务产业发展驱动因素的基础上,提出了“家庭、社区、机构”三位一体的城市老年影视人口综合服务模式,以期对优化城市老年影视人口综合服务结构、提升服务内容及创新服务模式有所裨益。     

Advertising directed to children: A look at the mother's point of view

The issue of whether to ban children's advertising from television has generated quite a controversy over the past several years. One view of the controversy which has received little attention, however, is the mothers'. This paper looks at those mothers who are both pro can con with regard to the idea of banning children's advertising. Bold Advertising     

Sponsorship effect metric: assessing the financial value of sponsoring by comparisons to television advertising

Since sponsoring is an increasingly important marketing communication medium, it is important for managers to know whether their sponsorships are giving a good financial return relative to other communication alternatives. Although several “rules of thumb” are commonly used in the industry for converting sponsorship exposure time into television advertising equivalent values, this research is the first to empirically test them by means of two experiments employing realistic stimuli and representative samples. Across 6 stimuli brands, study 1 finds that an average of 127 s of sponsor logo exposure achieves the same effects as a 30 s TV ad, but variance around this figure is high and depends on a variety of factors such as communication goal, sponsor fit, type of exposure, and whether the sponsor is a known brand. Study 2 finds that combining sponsoring with television advertising does increase the effects of sponsoring, although effects vary widely depending on the context, but even in the best case the increase is not supportive of the high levels of advertising suggested by many industry experts. Overall, the findings will allow managers to more confidently assess the financial value of their sponsorship investments.     

Pricing hybrid bundles by understanding the drivers of willingness to pay

Many companies are increasingly selling hybrid bundles, which comprise one or more goods and one or more services. Hybrid bundle pricing depends on understanding consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for the bundle, which rests on trade-offs among the benefits from four key drivers: service autonomy, complementarity, service quality variability, and overall bundle quality (basic vs. premium). The effects of these drivers and their interactions on the WTP of hybrid bundles are unknown. The authors develop hypotheses and test them rigorously using incentive-aligned choice-based conjoint and hierarchical Bayesian analysis. The results offer important guidelines for developing appropriate hybrid bundles. If a typical firm under budget constraint has to offer either of two hybrid bundles, one with high complementarity or one with service autonomy, the results suggest that it should offer the bundle with high complementarity. Furthermore, contrary to the conventional wisdom of minimizing service quality variability for premium quality bundles relative to basic quality bundles, the results recommend lowering service quality variability for basic quality bundles but maintaining it for premium bundles.     

Gratitude works: its impact and the mediating role of affective commitment in driving positive outcomes

After studying the effects of Louisiana’s post-hurricane “thank you” campaigns, the researchers find expressions of gratitude significantly improve perceptions of Louisiana in the midst of its recovery. Through a national survey conducted November 2006, they find that those who saw or heard a thank you advertisement have more positive attitudes toward the state and its people, a greater willingness to pay a premium for its products, services and travel to the state, and spread positive word-of-mouth, thus justifying the use of public funds to support the campaign. The authors investigate the role of participation on the effectiveness of expressions of gratitude and identify the mediating role of affective commitment in driving the positive results attributed to expressions of gratitude.     

基于产经调查的电视媒体发展策略研究

随着市场经济的快速发展,随着全球经济一体化的进一步深入,广播电视产业的二重性功能越来越明显。产经调查可以帮助广播电视业认识自身的发展目标,推动产业向纵深发展,通过调查可以更好地促使广播电视事业的科学发展。从广播电视产品传播的特点看,其既是一种物质性产业又是一种非物质性产业,通过产经调查可以把广播电视业的物质性和非物质性融合在一起,从而能够更好地形成信息产品、精神产品。     

Establishing human brands: determinants of placement success for first faculty positions in marketing

Based on primary data spanning 5 years, we examine factors that influence the entry-level placement of marketing doctoral candidates at U.S. universities and colleges. Contributing to the emerging research on human brands, we identify marketing doctoral candidates’ intrinsic and extrinsic brand cues that influence their number of AMA interviews, campus visit offers, and starting base salary. The strongest brand cue is the research productivity of candidates’ doctoral degree-granting departments. A related cue that also predicts initial salary is the candidates’ advisors’ research record. Further, when beginning the job search, doctoral students who have a top research publication, who have a dissertation proposal defended with data, and who have attended the AMA-Sheth Foundation Doctoral Consortium receive a substantial entry salary premium. Based on branding frameworks and theories of academic rewards, this study adds to the emerging knowledge on both the concept of human brands as well as the growing literature on issues relating to marketing academia.     

Criteria for the evaluation of product managers—An application of multiple group solution

One of the criticisms of factor analytic applications is that it is seldom used in verification of hypothesis and thus most of the interpretation is ex post facto. This paper presents a discussion and application of a technique, Multiple Group Solution, which can be used to verify a hypothesis about the number and nature of factors in a set of data. For this procedure to be meaningful, it is important to hypothesize factors a priori on the basis of existing theory or previous related research. The application of this technique is concerned with the criteria used to evaluate product managers. Because the role of the product manager includes such diverse areas as appraising markets and products and utilizing the various resources available within the company, a question arises as to what evaluative criteria should be used. The superiors of product managers were asked to rate nineteen criteria on their importance for appraising product management performance. The results of a principal component analysis were then compared to “a priori” hypothesized factors.