房价压力、房租负担与人口持久性迁移意愿

人口的持久性迁移意愿直接影响人口流向以及城镇规模的变化,要改变中国城镇规模结构不合理的现状,关键是引导人口的迁移方向。本文重点研究住房价格对人口持久性迁移意愿的影响,将住房价格对人口迁移意愿的影响细化为购房与租房两方面,采用房价收入比和房租收入比等作为变量进行经验研究,结果发现：房价收入比和房租收入比对人口持久性迁移意愿的影响均显著;相对于收入水平而言,住房的销售价格已经进入抑制人口持久性迁移意愿的阶段,而住房的租赁价格尚未进入抑制人口持久性迁移意愿的阶段。因而,可以利用住房市场价格对人口持久性迁移意愿的影响来引导人口流向,因城施策合理选择住房保障的范围和方式,使住房政策成为引导人口迁移的手段。     

租售比、房价收入比与房地产市场调控——基于区际差异化市场比较的实证分析

利用租售比、房价收入比指标综合评价我国各区域房地产市场的比价效应意义重大。研究发现:我国的高房价对住房租赁市场有倒逼作用和漫延趋势,租金相对于房价的偏离导致住房租赁市场难以有效支撑住房买卖市场;各线城市房价收入比存在差异,不同收入群体房价收入比存在着悖论并有加剧的趋势。因此,政府必须通过控制房价上涨以切断高房价向人口密集区二手房租赁市场漫延的通道,完善由政府保障、政府支持和市场提供构成的三级住房模式以及收入分配机制,引导市民合理的住房消费观,培植健康的住房租赁市场。     

利率上调对中国住房市场影响的动态分析

构建一个简单的住房需求供给模型,从未预测到中国人民银行对利率上调和已预早测到中国人民银行要对利率进行上调两方面来分析利率上调对中国住房市场的影响。研究结果表明,利率上调通过影响住房市场供求和房租这两个途径来影响中国的住房市场,并且当住房价格上升过快时,利率上调可以作为一个调控中国房价的有效手段。     

2011年上半年房地产市场形势分析及下半年预测

2011年上半年在不断强化的房地产调控措施作用下,非合理住房需求得到有效抑制,保障房供给量逐步增加,多数城市房价涨幅明显趋缓,部分房价过高城市出现稳中有降,房地产调控已见成效。但目前商品房销量增速有所回升,全国房价整体水平仍然较高,中西部地区及一些二三线城市新建商品住宅房价还存在上涨的动力,部分大中城市租赁市场的房租价格上涨幅度较大。下半年调控力度将继续加大,将促进房地产市场深入调整,住房价格将呈下行趋势。     

住房市场调控新政能够实现“居者有其屋”吗?——一个动态一般均衡的理论分析

我们建立了一个包括买房和租房决策的DSGE模型,计算房价和房租的动态轨迹,分析六种住房调控政策的影响:提高贷款利率、提高首付比例、对新购房征收房产税、对存量房征收房产税、对小户型免税和对大户型征税。数值模拟发现,这些调控政策通过抑制住房消费来降低房价,把购房需求转化为租房需求,从而推高了房租。其中,对新购房征税的效果最小,只能轻微降低房价,却显著推高房租;而对存量房征税会对房价、地价和房租产生极大冲击。     

国外住宅市场价格调节方法比较

各国政府调节住宅市场的价格，一般采取两种方法：管理性调节和经济性调节。1管理性调书管理性调节是指国家通过法律的、行政的手段对住宅市场的供求和价格进行管理、限制或冻结。1971年，在恶性通货膨胀的情况下，美国尼克松政府曾宣布冻结物价（含房价）、工资90天。在本世纪40年代，巴西通货膨胀十分厉害，为了遏止房租上涨，巴西政府采取冻结房租的政策，强制房主把房租保持在低水平上，用低房租来满足居民的住房需求。冻结房租房价是政府管制住宅市场价格的极端情况，但并不是行之有效的办法。由于冻结房租房价，房产主无利可图，以致…     

合理的租价比例是住房制度改革的关键

<正> 城镇住房制度改革是经济体制改革的重要组成部分,合理的租价比例(房租与房价比例)是住房制度改革的关键。本文对决定租价比例的因素试作分析,并联系租价比例探讨住房制度改革中若干重大问题。一、决定租价比例的因素住房是耐用消费性固定资产,作为商品的住房,其交换有买卖和租赁两种形式。买卖是买方(卖方)将住房的使用价值一次买进(卖出);租赁是买方(卖方)将住房的使用价值多次零     

基于房租资本化模型的我国房地产泡沫实证分析

金融危机下低迷了一整年的我国房地产市场在2009年4月迅速回暖,房价一路飙升,房地产泡沫问题再一次成为社会各界的争议热点。在这样的背景下,文章基于房租资本化模型,采用我国35个大中城市1999年第1季度至2009年第1季度的房屋销售价格指数和房屋租赁价格指数为样本,运用单位根协整方法检验房价和房租的长期均衡关系。研究结果发现,仅石家庄市的房屋销售价格和租金间存在协整关系,其他城市的房价与房租呈现严重背离。     

货币政策宽松、供需空间错配与房价持续分化

本文在新经济地理理论模型的基础上,加入住房部门以及宏观货币政策变量,构建了城市间房价关系的理论模型。在实证上,通过基准回归和添加交互项,验证房价分化的影响因素及货币政策影响房价分化的机制。研究发现,住房供需空间错配导致大小城市间房价不断分化,持续宽松的货币政策加剧大小城市间房价分化。要想减弱城市间房价的过度分化,政府应建立"人地挂钩"制度并创造其发挥作用的配套条件,让土地及住房的供给与需求在空间上趋向匹配。保持货币政策对住房市场的中性作用,加强金融监管,严格限制资金过多地流向住房市场。采用差异化的土地、金融、财政、税收等政策组合,抵消货币政策等对城市间房价关系的影响。     

我国公共租赁住房制度模式分析

房价上涨与解决城市化所带来的城市居民住房刚性需求的矛盾是我国未来二十年必须解决的一个大课题,而公共租赁住房能否顺利实施有助于这一矛盾的缓解.通过对于北京、重庆、福建等地公共租赁住房政府提供及管理模式的比较分析研究,提出对于政府建立公共租赁住房制度的有益启示.     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

Vicarelli,Keynes, and the unstable nexus between investment,liquidity, and finance

The goal of this article is to reconstruct Keynes’s vision of the unstable nexus between investment, liquidity and finance, as set out by the Italian economist Fausto Vicarelli (1936–1986). As argued in the article, one of Vicarelli’s main contributions consists of explaining the inherent instability of financially sophisticated capitalist economies in terms of the interaction (and double dissociation) between investment, saving, and stock-holding decisions, within a Keynesian framework characterized by the presence of fundamental uncertainty. While Vicarelli’s interpretation of Keynes is best understood in the context of the post-Keynesian literature, its relevance goes beyond that, as its sheds light on current issues related to the post-2008 financial crisis and its policy implications.     

Private information, money, and growth: Indeterminacy, fluctuations, and the Mundell-Tobin effect

We introduce an informational asymmetry into an otherwise standard monetary growth model and examine its implications for the determinacy of equilibrium, for endogenous economic volatility, and for the relationship between steady-state output and the rate of money growth. Some empirical evidence suggests that, for economies with low initial inflation rates, permanent increases in the money growth rate raise long-run output levels. This relationship is reversed for economies with high initial inflation rates. Our model predicts this pattern. Moreover, in economies with high enough rates of inflation, credit rationing emerges, monetary equilibria become indeterminate, and endogenous economic volatility arises.     

Complementarity, growth, and trade

We consider an endogenous growth model with international trade in complementary capital goods. The model possesses several distinct, balanced growth solutions, which we classify using stability under adaptive learning. Some of the equilibria can involve growth rates much higher than others. We show that, in addition to a small (usually positive) effect on a given equilibrium, an expansion in trade may sometimes yield a much larger, sudden jump in growth. The small effect on the initial equilibrium may reduce growth if the opportunity cost of capital rises very fast as growth accelerates. JEL Classification: F12, F15, O41
Complémentarité, croissance, et commerce international. Les auteurs utilisent un modèle de croissance endogène en présence de commerce international de biens capitaux complémentaires. Le modèle possède plusieurs solutions de croissance équilibrée distinctes que les auteurs classifient en utilisant des mesures de stabilité avec apprentissage adaptatif. Certains de ces équilibres peuvent impliquer des taux de croissance plus élevés que d'autres. Il appert qu'une expansion du commerce international, en plus d'avoir un petit effet (habituellement positif) sur un équilibre donné, peut parfois engendrer une augmentation plus forte et soudaine de la croissance. Le petit effet sur l'équilibre initial peut réduire la croissance si le coût d'opportunité du capital augmente rapidement à proportion que la croissance accélère.     

Ecosystems,externalities, and economies

This paper incorporates an ecosystem model into a model of a simple economy. The decisionmaking agents in the ecosystem are individual organisms aggregated to the species level. A species may provide utility directly to humans, or it may provide utility indirectly because it is used either as a raw material in goods fabrication or as sustenance for other species. We describe a comparative static equilibrium of the ecosystem where species' demands for other species are equal to the supplies of those other species, and energy is conserved. The ecosystem is then embedded in the economy so that the effects of human intervention can be traced through both the ecosystem and the economy. Human intervention creates ecosystem externalities such that ecosystem equilibria are shifted and the new equilibria affect the utility or the production processes of other humans. This framework allows us to describe in principle which ecosystem services can be efficiently usurped by humans, which waste flows can be efficiently allowed into ecosystems, and which ecosystem organisms and physical attributes can be efficiently maintained.     

Anarchy, efficiency, and redistribution

This paper develops a contractarian theory of the state and the existence of redistribution. The existence of rules of redistribution is explained without any recourse to the risk-aversion of agents. No veil of ignorance is needed. This avoids obligational problems inherent in most other contractarian theories of justice. Hence, this paper departs from the standard legitimization of redistribution as fundamental insurance and interprets it as stemming from a principle of reciprocity in trade. Since this paper deals with an anarchic society, the implementation of redistributional rules is constrained by the assumption of self-enforcement. We show that this assumption changes the interpretation of the state: the state is characterized by a particular design of equilibrium strategies, not by the existence of enforcement agencies.     

Min, Max, and Sum

This paper provides characterization theorems for preferences that can be represented by U(x₁, …, x_n)=min{x_k}, U(x₁, …, x_n)=max{x_k}, U(x₁, …, x_n)=∑ u(x_k), or combinations of these functionals. The main assumption is partial separability, where changing a common component of two vectors does not reverse strict preferences, but may turn strict preferences into indifference. We discuss applications of our results to social choice. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C0, D1, D6.