公平性指标:从基尼系数到收入满足度差距

本文通过对财富分配、生活方式和价格水平、货币边际效用递减、评价生活质量标准以及指标构造缺陷等方面的分析,揭示了基尼系数作为公平性指标的局限性.本文认为,公平是公众认为合理的、愿意接受的规范和准则,其结果是公众的满意和社会的和谐.根据这一观点,我们可以用收入满足度来反映公众的满意程度,从而建立能反映社会公平与和谐程度的指标--收入满足度差距指标,并用德国的经验数据加以验证.     

“收入满足度”两种测定方法的比较

对于收入满足度，有很多种不同的测定方法。在实际测定中的典型代表，主要有两种方法，如德国经济研究院（DIW）自1984年以来每年进行调查所使用的方法（DIW，1984），我们可以简称为“数字法”，国内学者大多使用类似于DIW的方法（王庆珊等，2002；汝信等，2004）；而我们近年来的研究所使用的调查方法，则可以简称为“比值法”（傅红春、罗文英，2004a）。通过对样本的分析，我们发现，两种方法得到的结果是有一些差异的。     

基尼系数在中美收入差距的比较中失灵了吗?

中美的基尼系数数值相近,甚至美国的基尼系数数值高于中国的基尼系数数值,但中国民众对收入差距的扩大反映强烈,美国民众对收入差距却没什么反应,有学者对基尼系数提出质疑。文章认为基尼系数如实地反映了中美两国国内的收入差距,没有失灵。美国民众对收入差距没有反应是因为美国的经济发展水平较高,收入差距没有影响美国人民的正常生活,由此提出结论:保持经济的稳定快速发展,促使中国的经济发展水平不断提升,将是我国政府调控收入差距的办法之一。     

收入流动性与收入差距

不同类型的收入流动性对收入差距的影响截然不同。本文基于1989—2011年CHNS微观数据,运用基尼系数跨期分解法考察中国居民家庭收入流动性对收入差距的作用机理。结果表明,贫富阶层收入地位固化,不同阶层在获得经济地位提升的机会上存在差异;收入流动性对收入差距的作用分为两类：一是低收入阶层向上流动引发的收入差距,二是“富人愈富”导致的收入差距。因此,从制度和体制上推进“提低、控高”已刻不容缓。     

关于我国现阶段收入分配差距的思考

改革开放以来,我国经济的高速增长、居民收入的大幅提高、人民生活水平不断改善,但与此同时,居民收入的差距也在扩大.根据有关权威人士的判断,我国的基尼系数为0.458,已经超过国际公认的0.4的警戒线标准.我们要正确清醒地认识收入分配差距拉大的主要表现、产生原因以及对经济发展和社会稳定的负面影响,并对改革和调整收入分配制度做出科学的选择.使改革开放发展的成果被最广大的人民分享,促进社会主义和谐社会的建设.     

泰尔指数及其在我国行业收入差距中的应用

泰尔指数是测量收入差距的一种指标,文章介绍了它的由来,指出它的取值区间,并把它实际应用于我国的行业收入差距测量,在应用过程中指出它的优缺点,最后提出在实际应用中应结合基尼系数和洛伦茨曲线一起考察收入差距。     

对缩小收入差距问题的远近期思考

国际上通常使用基尼系数作为衡量一个国家或地区收入差距的重要标志。我国居民收入基尼系数不仅高于国际通行标准，也高于发达国家。收入差距扩大已经成为影响消费规模扩大、社会安定的重要因素之一。一般认为，经济发展会进一步扩大收入差距。治理并缩小收入差距应标本兼治：短期内可以依靠收入转移、完善社会保障系统等手段；从长期看，深化经济体制改革、促进经济健康稳定发展才是缩小乃至逐步消除收入差距的根本途径。     

中国农村居民收入差距的研究分析

农村居民收入分配差距是我国体制转轨过程中出现的社会现象之一.本文分析了农村地区内部,地区之间收入差距的原因,并对其产生这些原因的历史变动进行了初步的探讨,从而形成了为适当缩小农村居民收入差距的政策建议.     

城镇居民收入差距与低收入群体的社会保障

中国开始从低收入国家逐渐步入中等收入国家的行列。在人民生活水平普遍提高，国民财富迅速增加的同时。贫富悬殊问题也日益突出。本文旨在通过分析城镇居民收入差距的现实状况，提出要正视这种差距的观点。并且提出低收入群体社会保障方面的建议。     

中国农村居民收入差距的研究分析

农村居民收入分配差距是我国体制转轨过程中出现的社会现象之一。本文分析了农村地区内部,地区之间收入差距的原因,并对其产生这些原因的历史变动进行了初步的探讨,从而形成了为适当缩小农村居民收入差距的政策建议。     

基尼系数的含义及其不足

本文提出了用基尼系数作为衡量贫富差距的指标以及基尼系数的各种计算方法。同时指出本身的不足与统计上的难度。并认为在当今中国经济高速发展与贫富差距日益扩大的情况下，有必要不断完善这一指标体系，为政府的宏观决策提供有力的准确与科学的依据。     

Income comparison,gender roles and life satisfaction

This article uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to analyse the effect of within household income comparison on individual life satisfaction. Our within couple and individual fixed-effects panel estimates suggest that gender roles influence subjective well-being (SWB). A primary breadwinner wife decreases a couple’s individual happiness by eight per cent. The article adds to the findings on interdependence of SWB and hints at negative consequences of traditional gender identity norms for individual happiness.     

新疆城市居民收入不平等现状分析

本文采用基尼系数及其分解公式对新疆2003年城市居民收入调查的2828个样本数据进行分析，根据新疆的地理特征将基尼系数按南疆与北疆进行分解计算，并按收入来源对基尼系数进行集中度分解分析，结果表明新疆的收入不平等状况并不严重，南疆的收入差距大于北疆，工资收入和转移收入是收入差距增大的主要原因。     

The causal effect of income on life satisfaction and the implications for valuing non-market goods

Employing the life satisfaction approach to value physical health, this paper illustrates the use of a subset of windfall income (restricted windfall income) as a substitute for the more conventional household income monetary measure. Results provide no evidence against the exogeneity of restricted windfall income and indicate that the causal effect of income on life satisfaction is substantially higher (and willingness-to-pay estimates substantially lower) when restricted windfall income is used. Further research should be devoted to looking into the presence and size of measurement errors in restricted windfall income. If this bias is large, then the quest for valid and strong instruments will continue.     

Status-seeking behavior,the evolution of income inequality,and growth

Using an overlapping generations model, this paper investigates the implications of status-seeking behavior, induced by preferences for relative income, for the evolution of income inequality. When average income rises, an individual’s marginal utility of their own income may increase (keeping up with the Joneses, or KUJ), or decrease (running away from the Joneses, or RAJ). It is shown that income inequality is shrinking over time in the KUJ economy, whereas it is expanding in the RAJ economy. We also explore the implications for long-run growth and inequality, in the existence of both KUJ and RAJ agents. I am truly grateful to Koichi Futagami for his encouragement and guidance in writing this paper. I have benefitted from comments by an anonymous referee, Been-Lon Chen, Giacomo Corneo, Akiomi Kitagawa, Kazuo Mino, Kazuhiro Yuki, and seminar participants at Osaka University, the 2006 Japanese Economic Association Autumn Meeting at Osaka City University, the Far Eastern Meeting of Econometric Society 2007 at Taipei, SER Conference 2007 at Singapore, and the European Meeting of Econometric Society 2007 at Budapest. All remaining errors are, of course, my own. The financial support from JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists is greatly acknowledged.     

现行社会保障制度对不同阶层收入影响的实证分析

文章利用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数,首先测算了城镇不同收入阶层缴纳社会保险费后收入分布的变化及基尼系数的变化情况,在此基础上测算了不同收入阶层从政府得到不同社会保障收入后的收入分布的变化及基尼系数的变化情况,从而得出社会保障制度实施的综合效应。分析结果显示,不同类型的社会保障对不同收入阶层的影响是不同的,即使某些政策有利于基尼系数的缩小,但不利于收入最低的阶层。研究认为,有针对性地调整部分社会保障政策,对调整收入分配差距的目标有帮助。     

A new approach to the decomposition of the Gini income inequality ratio

The purpose of this research is to introduce a new approach to the decomposition of the Gini ratio into three components, supporting them with economic and statistical rigorous interpretations. The three components are: (i) the Gini inequalitywithin subpopulations; (ii) thenet contribution of the extended Gini inequalitybetween subpopulations; and (iii) the contribution of theintensity of transvariation between subpopulations. These components are weighted by the product of the population shares times the income shares of the corresponding subpopulations where the weights add to one.The decomposition introduced in this research is applied to the 1990 U.S. family income distribution. The population of families is disaggregated by types into the following subpopulations: (a) married-couple families; (b) male householder, no wife present; and (c) female householder, no husband present.     

Accounting for the family in European income tax systems

Tax systems are expected to achieve many things at once andthis paper discusses the trade-offs involved in attempting toreconcile conflicting aims. It surveys the various instrumentsthat are used to take account of marriage and the presence ofchildren and describes the current systems in the 15 EuropeanUnion countries. The impact of alternative tax treatments ofthe family 'borrowed' from other countries is examined for theUK, using the tax-benefit microsimulation model, POLIMOD. Thepaper explores the implications of the alternatives for thetax paid by families of different types and for the work incentivesof individuals in different family situations.