Cementing the case for collusion under the National Recovery Administration

Macroeconomists have long debated the aggregate effects of anti-competitive provisions under the “Codes of Fair Conduct” promulgated by the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Despite the emphasis on these provisions, there is only limited evidence documenting any actual effects at the micro-level. We use a combination of narrative evidence and a novel plant-level dataset from 1929, 1931, 1933, and 1935 to study the effects of the NIRA in the cement industry. We develop a test for collusion specific to this particular industry. We find strong evidence that before the NIRA, the costs of a plant's nearest neighbor had a positive effect on a plant's own price, suggesting competition. After the NIRA, this effect is completely eliminated, with no correlation between a plant's own price and its neighbor's cost.     

The Political Economy of Trade Liberalization and Environmental Policy

A pressure group model where environmental and industry lobby groups offer political support in return for favorable pollution tax policies is used to explain and predict the equilibrium pollution tax in sectors protected by tariffs. The political economy effects of trade liberalization are investigated. The pollution tax is shown to decrease if the lobbying effort by the environmental lobby decreases more rapidly than by the industry lobby ceteris paribus. The level of political conflict falls with trade liberalization. Pollution may increase because of a reduction of the pollution tax, and tax revenues may fall simultaneously as pollution increases.     

Mises's dynamics of interventionism: Lessons from Indian agriculture

Despite trade liberalization, industrial delicensing, and deregulation in other sectors of the Indian economy since 1991, the agricultural sector is stifled by arbitrary, complex, and ever-increasing regulation in both input and product markets. This article resolves this puzzle of the Indian economy and, using Mises's theory of interventionism, explains the growth of regulation and subsidies in Indian agriculture. I argue that each intervention in agriculture created distortions in the market, necessitating the subsequent intervention in agricultural inputs and/or outputs. Land ceiling policies led to a large number of farmers with small and marginal landholdings. Attempts to increase agricultural productivity and income on small holdings led to interventions, and consequent distortions, in factor markets for seeds, fertilizer, electricity, water, credit, insurance, as well as in output markets in the form of minimum support prices. Indian agriculture policy serves as a cautionary tale of interventionism and needs systematic and comprehensive reforms.     

促进循环农业发展的政策支持体系研究

文章对促进循环农业发展的政策支持体系进行了研究,提出“以可持续发展观为指导,推动各级政府制定全局政策”;“着眼弱质产业发展,建立工业反哺农业的长效机制”;“制定农业科技专项行动计划,强化科技支农制度建设”;“改革农业投资体制,多渠道筹措循环农业发展所需资金”以及“制定相关政策,形成有机结合的政策体系”等政策建议。     

安徽农村结构优化问题研究

文章对安徽农村结构的现状进行了分析,讨论了农村各产业比重不协调、第三产业内部结构不合理,结构水平低及农业生产结构不合理等问题,安徽省应尽快实现由传统农业向现代农业的转变,发展以城郊型农业、外向型农业、特色农业与生态农业为主要特点的优质高效农业。在对问题进行分析的基础上,提出了农村产业结构优化调整的实施对策。     

基于产业集群的农产品区域品牌生成机理研究

农产品区域品牌建设对推动农业产业集群升级和区域经济发展具有重要意义。政府、行业协会和企业作为农产品区域品牌的生成主体,可从提升农业产业集群竞争力、环境竞争力、整合营销等角度为构建农产品区域品牌提供力量源泉,并推动农产品区域品牌按照萌芽期、成长期、成熟期、衰退期的路径不断演化。     

我国农村发展的制度性难点与创新

目前,农村经济社会发展中面临许多制度性的难点,影响了农村经济和社会的快速发展。文章阐述了我国农村发展面临的土地供求、农业保护和政府权责等制度性难点,分析了影响农村发展的行政、财政和农业补贴等体制性障碍,提出了正确处理农业与工业化、城市化的关系,粮食安全与土地流转的关系,改革农业经营体制和土地流转制度,完善农业补贴政策等农村制度创新对策。     

农业产业链竞争力评价及其影响因素研究——以江苏大闸蟹产业链为例

农业产业链升级对我国农业的发展有着十分积极的作用,它可以不断提升产业链经济价值和运行效率。以江苏大闸蟹产业链为例,通过广泛的实地调研和数据收集,构建了江苏大闸蟹产业链竞争力评价指标体系,并通过SPSS软件分析了影响江苏大闸蟹产业链价值的相关因素,从产业链延伸、拓展、整合等多维度提出了江苏大闸蟹产业链优化升级的路径和建议。     

基于农业产业集群的新型农业社会化服务体系模型构建

新型农业社会化服务体系的构建与农业产业集群的发展具有相互促进作用。农业社会化服务体系是农业产业集群的支撑,农业产业集群可为新型农业社会化服务体系的构建提供良好的生态环境。本文在借鉴相关学者对农业社会化服务体系研究的基础上,构建了农业社会化服务体系与农业产业集群的关系模型,认为通过促进农业经营性服务供应链与农产品供应链融合,可以促进农业经营性服务管理模式创新,提高农业产业集群的组织化程度,促进农业产业集群升级。     

小农的种粮逻辑——40年来中国农业种植结构的转变与未来策略

基于已有文献对中国粮食安全问题的质疑与担忧,作者回顾了改革开放40年以来我国农业种植结构调整从"去粮化"到"趋粮化"的历史性转变。文章认为,2003年以来中国粮食长期且连续的增长,并非由外生的经济因素直接激发,亦非农业税减免和农业补贴政策的直接诱导,而是由农户在要素流动与卷入农业分工的过程中所内生的自我执行机制来决定的。理论与实证研究表明,中国小农的种粮逻辑是通过要素配置、地权预期、分工深化三个方面来共同表达的。小规模分散化的农业家庭经营格局并不构成中国粮食安全的阻碍,相反,却内含着重要的组织优势与可动员潜力。文章进一步讨论了保障中国粮食安全的基本策略与政策选择。     

产业耦合视角下河北农业生产性服务业与农业协调发展分析

对河北农业生产效率和农业生产性服务业发展水平进行测算,并基于耦合协调度模型分别从区域和行业层面分析两个系统间的耦合互动程度.结果显示:河北农业生产效率较高,与农业生产服务处于良好协调发展阶段;但地区间差异较大,唐山、石家庄的各项指标较好,有一定的示范作用;具体行业看,农业配送服务对农业生产效率提升的推力不足,以农业信息、农村金融、农技推广为代表的现代服务业与农业的耦合度要优于传统服务业,最后提出产业耦合的提升措施.     

现代农业示范园区的发展与思考

现代农业示范园区是农业科技创新中涌现出来的科技与产业相融合的新型组织形式,它以技术密集为特征,以科技开发、示范、辐射和推广为主要功能,对于推动传统农业转型、促进区域农业结构调整和涉农产业升级、增强农业和农产品国际竞争力具有重要的现实意义和深远的战略意义。本文通过分析现代农业示范园区建设成效和建设中的问题,提出加快现代农业示范园区的政策建议。     

攀枝花现代农业物流发展探讨

现代农业物流是降低农产品流通成本、增强农产品竞争力、促进农村经济发展的必要条件。大力发展现代农业物流,对于增强攀枝花农业综合竞争力、调整优化农业产业结构、提高农业经济效益具有十分重要的意义。     

Nations,clusters and culture: Nycomed and world leadership in the field of x-ray contrast media

Abstract

The topic of the article is to offer a new interpretation of the history of Norway's agricultural protectionism in a West-European context. Agricultural protectionism was not deeply rooted economically, politically or institutionally prior to the Second World War. Before the First World War the most commercially oriented part of Norwegian agriculture – milk production and the dairy industry – was export-oriented. Norway was the last country to join the protectionist wave in the late nineteenth century and in practice it followed the most liberal trade policies in agricultural products next to Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands. It is argued that the 1920s were generally relatively more important and the 1930s relatively less important for later developments than assumed in the most of the literature on agricultural protectionism.     

湖南省农产品加工业竞争优势分析

农产品加工业是一种以农业为基础、关联度极高的产业,发展农产品加工业对促进农业产业化具有重要意义。文章以迈克尔·波特的竞争优势理论为基础,从生产要素、需求条件、相关产业、产业内竞争及机会与政府等角度剖析了湖南农产品加工业的竞争优势,并提出应着力发展湖南农产品深加工及加工技术,扶植龙头企业与知名品牌,推动特色产业集群与支撑产业的发展。     

Labour market response to globalisation: Spain, 1880–1913

This paper analyses the impact of globalisation (trade and migration) on the Spanish labour market between 1880 and 1913 by examining the influence that globalisation factors had on agricultural and industrial wages. Our results show that the nineteenth century grain invasion had a negative impact on agricultural wages, whereas the fall in wheat prices did not benefit industry workers. We also found that migration pushed up real agricultural and industrial wages. As agriculture was the main sector in the economy, the final impact was a wage decrease. The negative impact of trade on agricultural and industrial labour markets partly explains the trade policy response of “integral protection”. However, other alternatives that would have been effective in raising living standards, such as migration policy, were not used.     

新冠肺炎疫情对我国农业发展的影响与应对举措

新冠肺炎疫情的爆发对粮食种植业、畜牧养殖业、种业、休闲农业、农产品加工业、蔬菜业、水果业、花卉业等产业发展,都会带来一定的负面影响。为减少新冠肺炎疫情的负面影响,推动农业健康发展,应保障粮食和重要农产品供给,抓好春耕春播工作,保障乡村道路运输通畅,在南方地区推广稻田综合种养模式,发展生态高值农业和"康养业+富硒+农业",尽快推进饲料企业和屠宰加工企业复工复产,加大对农业产业的金融支持力度,降低农业经营成本,鼓励发展以村为单位的农业社会化服务组织,大力培育农产品销售新业态,建立政府、企业和市场互动的农业灾害救助体系。     

A Proposal for Setting up Agricultural Insurance Policies Supporting Frame in China

China is a country with a large amount of agriculture, but agricultural insurance in our country develops slowly, which cannot keep up with the pace of the quick industrial insurance progress currently. The agricultural insurance faces the circumstances that the insurance companies do not fund in agriculture insurance and the farmers have nowhere to apply for insurance. In this paper, from the economic angle the following conclusion is drawn. The key sticking points lie in that agricultural insurance in China cannot be managed as policy insurance, and that agricultural insurance lacks support from the government. So it is necessary to conceive the basic agricultural insurance policies supporting frame and set up agricultural insurance policies supporting system in China.     

黑龙江特色农业发展中的问题及对策分析

特色农业是指具有独特的自然资源条件、明显的区域特征、特殊的产品品质及特定的消费市场的农业产业。特色农业发展对于增加农民收入、改进农业产业结构、促进农村经济增长具有非常重要的现实意义。近些年来我省各地的特色农业有了一定程度的发展，已具有了初步的可持续发展基础。但存在的问题也是不容忽视的．如特色农业的规模经营模式还未形成、缺乏产业化生产的社会分工、协作等。文章对上述问题进行了分析并提出了相应的对策建议。     

环境规制与中国生产率的动态变化:基于异质性企业视角

本文基于异质性企业分析框架,研究了环境规制如何通过要素替代、创新补偿以及资源重置3种渠道塑造中国企业和行业生产率的静态与动态变化过程。研究发现,在企业层面上,环境规制会提升高效企业生产率,降低低效企业生产率。在行业层面上,环境规制强度提高将不利于资源错配严重行业的加总生产率增长。我们基于1998-2007年中国微观企业数据验证了上述结论和3种渠道各自的作用。因此要实现环境改善型的技术进步不仅需要各级政府坚定不移地执行环境保护政策,更重要的是减少要素在行业内和行业间流动的摩擦以及各种制度性障碍,降低行业资源错配程度。