基于分形理论对武汉城市圈城市体系的研究

运用分形理论对武汉城市圈城市体系等级规模结构和空间结构做了定量分析。研究结果表明,武汉城市圈城镇等级规模分形维数D为0.7233,小于1,这说明武汉城市圈城镇规模等级结构较为分散,属于典型的首位分布类型,城镇体系发育不成熟。而城镇空间关联维数D=0.8499,小于1,这表明武汉城市圈城镇体系内各城市间联系紧密,分布高度集中于一地。本文在分析武汉城市圈城市体系的等级结构和空间结构的基础上,提出了可行性建议。     

辽宁省城镇体系分形研究

运用分形模型,从规模等级和空间结构两方面对辽宁省城镇体系进行了实证研究。等级规模方面,计算了城市首位度指数、城市规模分形分布的分维数,并讨论了辽宁省城镇体系的规模等级结构及其特点;空间结构方面,运用分形理论的关联维数进行分析,得出当前辽宁省城镇体系总体特征:城镇规模分布比较集中,人口分布较均衡,城镇体系等级规模发育较为成熟;城镇体系的空间分布比较均匀,城市分布呈现条带状的特点。     

定西地区城镇体系空间分形研究

城镇是人口和经济的聚集地，区域城镇体系在一定时空条件下呈现分形特征；利用豪斯道夫维（Hansdorff）和聚集维数（Aggregation dimension）对定西地区城镇体系进行了空间分形研究，并测算了相应的分维数，证明该区域城镇体系也具有空间分形特征，存在城镇体系等级规模结构松散，城镇首位度高，各城镇间联系不肾密等问题。     

基于分形理论的新疆伊犁河谷地区城镇体系研究

运用分形理论从等级规模和空间结构两方面分析了新疆伊犁河谷地区城镇体系结构特征,得出伊犁河谷城镇体系具有分形特征;城镇规模结构分布较为集中,中等位序的城市较多,人口分布低水平均衡,处在城镇体系发展的初级阶段;城镇空间结构由于受到山地河谷地形和社会经济条件的影响,城镇沿河谷呈条带状分布,城镇间联系不紧密,空间相互作用强度较弱;对伊犁河谷地区城镇体系结构提出了建议。     

青海省城镇等级规模结构分形研究

运用分形理论,通过测算2006年青海省城镇体系等级规模分布的分维值并且结合城市首位律的分析,得出青海省城镇体系等级规模结构具有分形特征,并在此基础上分析了青海省城镇体系等级规模结构分布的原因,为青海省城镇体系等级规模结构的优化提出相关的对策。     

重庆市城镇体系规模等级结构经济分析

本文运用分形理论,通过测算重庆市城镇体系规模等级分布的分维值,并结合城市首位律分析,发现重庆市城镇体系规模等级结构具有分形特征,满足位序-规模分布规律。并在此基础上分析重庆市城镇体系规模等级结构分布的原因,为重庆市城镇体系等级规模结构优化发展提出相关对策。     

山区县域城镇体系结构的实证研究——以闽北松溪县为例

县域城镇体系建设是加快中国城镇化进程的重要组成部分,山区县的城镇建设存在很多制约因素,其独特的城镇体系结构具有重要的研究意义;分析了闽北山区松溪县域城镇体系历史演变特点,分别从城镇体系的规模等级结构、空间布局结构、职能结构3个方面对县域城镇体系的现状特征及成因进行了深入分析,探求松溪县域城镇体系存在的问题;提出了城镇体系结构调整的构想和对策。     

吉林省城市体系的分形研究

运用分形理论对吉林省城市体系的规模等级结构和空间结构进行了分析,认为吉林省城市体系在规模分布上呈现首位城市垄断功能不强,等级体系缺乏大城市,中小城市比较发育的特征;从空间结构上看,城市分布总体分散、局部集中,城市之间经济联系松弛,区域发展不平衡;提出了吉林省城市体系发展的对策。     

石家庄市景区点系统空间结构特征的分形研究

运用分形理论对石家庄市旅游景区点系统空间结构定量分析。研究结果表明,石家庄市旅游景区点系统空间结构具有分形特征,其具有自组织演化优化的趋势。其关联分形维D=1.1005,接近于1,这说明石家庄市旅游景区点系统空间结构高度集中,景区之间关联性好。石家庄市旅游景区点系统聚集维,以水上公园为测算中心,D=1.3452,景区点向周围景区点非等密度衰减,中心地对其腹地景区点具有较强的吸附作用,呈现双分形迹象;以西柏坡为测算中心,聚集维数D=1.3452,景区点系统空间结构随机聚集性较强,从聚集重心西柏坡景区向周围景区点密度衰减较快。     

基于分形模型的城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性研究——以湖北省老河口市为例

基于GIS空间分析平台,以分形理论为基础,运用分形模型分别对老河口市总体土地、城镇建设用地、耕地及其他土地利用类型进行分维数和稳定性指数测算,进而多角度分析城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性。结果显示:老河口市总体土地利用的空间稳定性较高;城镇建设用地受规划影响,布局集中规范,空间稳定性高;耕地连片分布,空间稳定性高,城镇化进程与耕地保护冲突性较小;其他土地利用类型分维数、稳定性指数差异较大,且对城镇建设用地和耕地的空间稳定性影响较大;城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性相关性大。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.