Is small beautiful? Understanding the contribution of small businesses in township tourism to economic development

The increased importance attached by policy-makers to the anticipated developmental effects of tourism in developing countries has been insufficiently examined by academic researchers, particularly in the context of the contribution of small firms in urban areas. This deficiency is addressed by providing a review of existing research followed by an analysis of interviews with 90 tourism business located within and outside the townships of Langa and Imizamo Yethu, Cape Town, South Africa. The findings reveal tensions between the different actors involved in township tourism. While the involvement of small, locally owned, businesses is beneficial, it is limited by conflicts of interest, lack of trust, limited social networks and little attachment to the township locality. The discussion highlights the complexity of tourism's role in economic development, which has significant implications for local policy-makers.     

旅游产业整合视角下的现代化旅游人才供求分析

中国旅游业经过三十多年的发展,已经进入现代化发展新时期。而现代化旅游产业转型和升级的最直接表现就是旅游产业整合,传统意义上的旅游人才已不能适应现代化旅游产业发展的新要求,旅游产业的进一步发展需要大批高素质、高水平的现代化人才。相对于广阔的需求市场,我国现代化旅游人才的供给却不容乐观。基于这样的背景,本文从基本概念入手,重点介绍旅游产业整合、现代化旅游人才概念内涵。分析了我国旅游产业的发展特征和产业整合的综合趋势,进而从需求角度分析了产业整合下,对现代化旅游人才数量和质量的要求。与人才需求对接,介绍了我国现代化旅游人才的供给现状,主要是从旅游人才教育体系中的高校培养角度,从数量和质量两个角度分析了现代化旅游人才供需的差距,最后得出了几点优化旅游人才供给——高校培养方面的建议。     

Urban tourism in the developing world: The case of Johannesburg

Urban tourism has attracted a growing literature in the context of cities in the developed world. In this article, the role of urban tourism is explored in the developing world setting of Johannesburg. As in the case of the developed world, in Johannesburg the promotion of urban tourism is linked to economic regeneration and urban economic development. Johannesburg's tourism economy exhibits distinct geographical and sectoral clustering, with business tourism being the most vibrant subsector for tourism development. New development initiatives by both provincial and local government are seeking to further enhance the role of tourism in Johannesburg's economic development.     

乡村旅游发展动力机制研究

近年来,乡村旅游在国民经济飞速发展的大好形势下得到跨越式发展,在优化经济结构、缓解"三农"问题、满足国民休闲度假需求、活跃市场经济等诸多方面做出了巨大贡献。然而,乡村旅游发展的动力机制研究却相对滞后,一定程度上,使得乡村旅游的发展存在自发性和盲目性。为更好地促进乡村旅游的持续健康发展,文章通过对乡村旅游的内生动力系统、外生动力系统两大系统进行论述,并提出了乡村旅游发展的措施。     

Tourism in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) is a transboundary protected area that straddles the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The park's development was partly motivated by the ecological objective of re-establishing traditional migratory wildlife routes once fences between the three countries are dismantled. Besides biodiversity conservation benefits, the park may also provide a basis to generate revenue for conservation and local economic development through tourism. This paper describes current state and private sector tourism within the GLTP and planning initiatives that may promote responsible tourism, and describes the achievements by community-based tourism enterprises and public–private partnerships in generating economic, social and environmental benefits. The livelihoods of people living in the park are outlined in relation to government policies on land redistribution, resettlement and options for the future, and progress in biodiversity conservation and responsible nature-based tourism development within the GLTP over the past five years is evaluated.     

亚洲4国旅游购物比较研究

旅游购物对一国旅游收入的增长具有重要的贡献,也是发展潜力最大的领域之一,发展旅游购物对于一个国家的旅游经济发展而言至关重要。了解旅游购物的发展规律,总结成功经验,对于希望通过发展旅游购物,带动旅游经济增长的地区和国家而言至关重要。本文对亚洲4个在旅游购物方面发展较为先进的国家进行比较型研究,旨在从中勾勒出其促使其成功发展的重要因素。     

Tourism impact,distribution and development: The spatial structure of tourism in the Western Cape province of South Africa

The structural dimensions of a country's tourism sector, and in particular the spatial structure of tourism production and consumption, relate closely to the nature and extent of the impact that tourism can have. This article examines the spatial characteristics of tourism in the Western Cape province, one of South Africa's foremost international tourist regions, and where its government seeks to use tourism as an instrument of development and socio-economic transformation. To understand how this could be effected it is necessary to understand the spatial distributional effects of tourism, and the underlying reasons for it. To this end the article examines the spatial structure of the provincial accommodation sector as evidenced in patterns of accommodation supply and tourist usage (demand); and trends in the nature, direction and distribution of public and private-sector tourism investments. The central argument is that tourism is geographically focused, with tourist activities concentrated in a few locales and sub-regions. This follows the general demographic and economic contours of the province. Yet trends in capital investments tend to reinforce the spatial concentration of tourism. Attempts by the government to spread tourism's benefits have not been too successful due to institutional and capacity deficiencies. Greater emphasis should be placed on developing domestic tourism.     

International perspectives on tourism‐led development: some lessons for the SDIs

The concept of tourism‐led socio‐economic development is neither new nor peculiar to South Africa. This study draws on the international experience of the Malindi‐Mombasa coastal development corridor in Kenya, the Goa Coast of India, the Kulu Valley and Bhutan in the Himalayas, the Gambia, Dominica, Belize and the Maldives. It assesses the results achieved in these tourism programmes against the strategic objectives of those South African SDIs that place a heavy emphasis on the country's tourism potential. The SDIs, as described elsewhere in this collection, represent a new paradigm adopted by the South African government, aimed at moving away from a protected and isolated approach to economic development, towards one in which international competitiveness, regional cooperation and a more diversified ownership base are paramount. The key objectives of the tourism‐led development corridors, including the Wild Coast and Lubombo SDIs, are to generate sustainable economic growth and development; generate sustainable long‐term employment creation; maximise the extent to which private sector investment and lending can be mobilised into the process; change the ownership base of the industry so that people previously excluded from the mainstream of the economy by discriminatory practices can play a meaningful role as workers, managers and owners of new tourism enterprises; and to exploit the opportunities that arise from new tourism and ecotourism developments for the creation of upstream and downstream business opportunities, especially small businesses owned by previously marginalised groups.     

Improving competitiveness. Critical success factors for tourism development

For a variety of reasons an increasing number of local authorities and other agencies have turned to tourism as a means of economic development. To date, however, the level of activity among policy makers has not been matched by research that might inform their deliberations. Although the importance of demand-related issues — such as the promotion of particular destinations — is recognised, this paper shifts the focus to the neglected issue of sector supply. It argues that if tourism is to contribute to economic development that is sustainable, private — and public-sector facilities (such as attractions or hotels) must be nationally — and often internationally — competitive. The paper proposes a model for understanding the competitiveness of organisations in the sector and reports the findings of its application in a case study of east and south-east London.     

基于旅游资源优势度视角的江苏旅游经济发展研究

本文以江苏省13个市的相关统计数据为基础,运用资源优势度、旅游总收入指数、聚类分析、空间错位分析等方法,对江苏旅游经济发展进行分析。分析认为江苏旅游资源优势度无论在丰度上还是在品位度上其空间表现都是苏南地区的南京、无锡、苏州(苏南的常州、镇江例外)高于苏北、苏中,优势度最高的是苏州,呈现出由苏南向苏北逐渐变小的态势。旅游资源优势度与旅游总收入之间不仅存在着空间的同步性,也存在着空间错位性,同时旅游资源优势区的旅游经济增长速度与旅游资源中等区、劣势区相比明显显得不足,省内区域出现资源诅咒现象。因此,江苏旅游资源丰富的地区旅游业的转型升级亟待提升,必须要进入深度改革和产业素质升级。     

汕头市会展旅游发展与对策分析

目前,会展旅游业正呈现出蓬勃发展的态势,但对中小城市而言,会展旅游是一把双刃剑;若不结合自身的具体情况和特色,统筹规划,进行科学合理的研究并付诸实践,则无法发挥其效用,甚至还有可能成为包袱。本文分析中型城市汕头市发展会展旅游的优势、劣势,并提出汕头市会展旅游发展的对策。     

Local authorities, tourism and competition

Tourism development has become a popular pursuit for local authorities seeking to generate new economic horizons. This requires the existence of some special attraction or package, something to distinguish an area from the basic diet of potentials that everywhere else can offer, or a strong competitive edge in what might be labelled as conventional markets. Unfortunately, new ways of nurturing tourism activity are increasingly hard to find and the tourism development scene is an increasingly competitive arena. Yet, competition is an unspoken word within the realms of tourism professionals, and a matter that is rarely confronted in any overt way by researchers.     

Tourism and local economic development: The case of the Highlands Meander

Local economic development (LED) planning is of major policy importance in post-apartheid South Africa. Although issues surrounding LED have attracted considerable policy attention, one neglected theme has been the role of tourism as a lead sector for LED. The aim of this article is to examine the planning and workings of one tourism-led LED initiative in South Africa. The case study is that of the Highlands Meander in Mpumalanga province, where five towns are collaborating in their LED initiatives in order to promote the area's tourism products. A key finding is that this growing tourism initiative is currently not benefiting local black communities. Recommendations are offered for developing a pro-poor tourism initiative.     

浅论政府在西部旅游业发展中的主导作用

西部地区蕴藏着独特的自然风光旅游资源和极为丰富的人文旅游资源,将西部旅游资源优势转化为旅游产业优势是我国调整经济结构、缩小区域差距的一项重大发展战略。本文分析了西部旅游业发展的现状,认为政府应该一如既往的在西部旅游业发展中发挥主导作用,从基础设施建设、旅游资源和生态保护、旅游要素整合、旅游形象宣传、增强创新意识以及提供必要便利条件等方面引导、支持西部旅游业发展。     

基于利益主体理论的苏南五市旅游合作系统研究

区域旅游合作是发展旅游业的重要手段,旅游合作发展涉及到多方面利益,如何协调各方的利益,让合作各方都能主动参与和有效配合,确保区域旅游合作的有效性和稳定性,仍是亟待解决的难题。本文从利益主体理论出发对苏南五市区域旅游合作系统进行了研究,提出了该系统简化为地方政府、旅游产业部门、非营利组织和个人等4个子系统,每个子系统都包括若干个具体利益主体,分析了每个子系统中的利益主体不同的关注点;最后就加强苏南区域旅游合作提出了相关的政策建议。     

The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities: Three case studies in South Africa

Significant research, both locally and internationally, has been undertaken on tourism development and its impacts on the empowerment of rural communities. This article analyses the extent to which three tourism projects in South Africa, namely the Makuleke tourism initiative, Umngazi River Bungalows and the commercialisation of Manyeleti Game Reserve, have improved the livelihoods of rural communities and contributed to rural economic development. The projects are analysed in terms of both their economic and non-economic benefits, as well as their contribution towards the attainment of certain key policy objectives of the South African government.     

构建旅游业信用体系的思考

旅游业在我国的经济发展中占有重要的地位,正在成为我国国民经济的支柱产业和新的经济增长点。在现实生活中,"旅游信用危机"已经开始显现,特别是旅游企业的失信引发了大量的旅游投诉,极大地阻碍了我国旅游业的健康发展。旅游信用问题引起了社会的广泛关注和相关管理部门的高度重视。本文从旅游业中存在的信用缺失问题入手,认为应通过建立旅游信用制度体系来重塑我国旅游业的信用。     

会展旅游市场营销策略研究

进入21世纪以来,随着中国社会经济的飞速发展,旅游产品的种类逐渐向多元化的方向发展,以满足人们越来越个性化的需求,会展旅游就在这种形势下产生和发展起来。会展旅游与传统的观光旅游相比具有自己独特的内涵,所以有必要对会展旅游进行全新的研究和探讨。本文通过对会展旅游市场营销特点的分析,得出了几项适合开展会展旅游市场营销的策略。     

缙云岩门旅游区旅游开发SWOT分析及对策研究——基于体验经济视角

体验经济时代,旅游者对旅游的需求越来越强调参与性和体验性,纯粹的观光旅游产品已远远不能满足旅游者的需求。缙云县岩门旅游区拥有丰富的自然与人文旅游资源,当地政府已准备对其进行开发。但如何使旅游区更具有识别性,从主题的确立、产品的开发、服务设施的建设等方面满足旅游者的体验需求,这是岩门旅游区开发面对的非常现实的问题。     

The tourism potential of Beaufort West: a study based on visitor demand

Tourism is increasingly viewed as a key strategy for promoting local economic development. The integrated development planning (IDP) process of the Beaufort West municipality on the north-eastern border of the Western Cape identified tourism as a key to economic progress. Starting from this tourism-orientated approach to local economic development, a three-month survey of visitors examined the tourist potential of the town, a possible tourism product, and an approach to marketing the town as a destination. The findings suggested that Beaufort West should develop a ‘destination brand’, portraying the town as a ‘tourism gateway’ through which important sectors such as eco-tourism could be marketed. The profile of the survey participants revealed that tourist industries are not fully aware of their customer profile and should adjust their offerings to attract family visitors. The impact of the N1 route through town was also confirmed in the survey, which demonstrated that significant expenditure emanated from the high levels of traffic through the town.