Asymptotic efficiency of the pivotal mechanism with general project space

It is shown that the government surplus generated by applying the pivotal mechanism is generically small per capita if the number of participants is sufficiently large. The result is valid whether the project space is finite or infinite. It also implies that the pivotal mechanism is asymptotically efficient in most cases, for the amount of surplus is a measure of inefficiency in the economic environments to which the mechanism is applicable.     

Some implications of anarchy for the distribution of property

A model of an anarchistic society is introduced and its implications for the distribution of income are considered. The economy is assumed to allocate one unit of an all-purpose completely divisible good to each individual in society. This initial distribution of income is changed through theft into a final distribution. The notion of equilibrium is introduced and the equilibrium distribution for a two-person example is displayed. Finally, the notion of orderly anarchy is discussed. An orderly anarchistic allocation of income is defined to be a distribution of income in which no effort is spent in stealing property from others. It is shown that every allocation in the core is an orderly anarchistic allocation and that the core is nonempty.     

Sustainable development,the Hartwick rule and optimal growth

Defining sustainable development as non-declining utility, the consistency of this concept with the Hartwick rule and optimal growth is explored when resources are exhaustible. A simple proof that a generalized Hartwick rule is necessary and sufficient for constant consumption is derived. The existence of a maximal constant consumption path is shown to depend critically on the elasticity of substitution; if this is less than 1, consumption declines; if it is greater than 1 then consumption is not maximal; if it is equal to 1 (the Cobb-Douglas case) then existence is proved. Consumption can increase along an optimal path if the pure rate of time preference is 0; if it is non-zero then consumption declines.     

生命质量与商品质量的协同性分析

商品质量与生命质量休戚相关,生命质量是个内涵丰富的概念,丰富的商品虽然可以对生命质量产生积极的作用,但在商品生产与消费过程中产生的副作用也在损害着生命质量.研究与了解两者的内在联系,有利于实践以人为本的科学发展观.科学发展观是全面、协调、可持续的综合发展观,其中全面发展是基础,协同发展是关键,可持续发展是目的.论证了以人为本是科学发展观的实质所在,提高人类的生命质量是科学发展观的归宿.     

我国基于总收益形式与超额收益形式估计的证券贝塔比较分析

经过简化的基于总收益形式的指数模型被经常用来估计证券贝塔,但这个模型没有理论依据。由于我国无风险利率的方差与市场收益的方差变动比较起来非常小,短期无风险利率的实际变动对贝塔估计值影响很小,因此,从“预测”的角度看,用总收益形式的单指数模型估计贝塔值可以完全替代具有理论基础的超额收益形式的单指数模型估计的贝塔。     

Russia and Eastern Europe: Is Transition Over?

Though it is still to early to assess the final outcome of transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, since 1995 there is a growing perception that the transition process is by and large completed in Central Europe and even in Eastern Europe. This is not yet the case where Russia is concerned. It is not just that the process began later; what happened there is still percieved as confusing and unclear, and hence gives way to very contrasting judgements. Hence emphasis is put on Russia in the following review essay.     

浅议朗读与英语习得

朗读是艺术,又是一门学科,这样的提法是符合实际的。但它毕竟是高层次的提法。从学习语言的角度看,它是一种手段,是掌握语言重要的甚至是不可缺少的手段。英语朗读既可以是一种文化活动,也可以是一种学习活动。在英语教学中,教师的朗读以及学生的朗读,都能发挥很有价值的作用。     

Tax Evasion and the Time Consistency of the Government's Income Tax Policy

It is shown that it is not necessarily optimal for the government to tax capital income at a high rate even when capital is in fixed supply because the supply of capital for tax purposes may be elastic if capital income tax evasion occurs. An example is given where the wage tax rate is positive and greater than the interest income tax rate even though capital is in fixed supply. Conditions are also derived under which the capital income tax rate is lower in the closed-loop policy game, where capital is fixed, than in the open-loop game, where it is not.
JEL Classification Numbers: E61, H26.     

并购中主并公司的可预测性——基于交易成本视角的研究

本文将交易成本划分为显性交易成本和隐性交易成本,认为主并公司进行并购的目的是为了节约显性和隐性交易成本。在此基础上,我们以2003年发生并购的上市公司为样本,采用因子分析法和Logistic回归建立了主并公司的预测模型,发现资产专用性越强,显性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大;中间产品市场的不确定性越高,显性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大;公司的成长能力越强,成长能力与盈利能力之间的不平衡程度越高,隐性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大。     

老年人心理健康影响因素的调查研究--从人格特征与应对方式二因素分析

人格特征和应对方式对老年人心理健康具有重要影响。采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、应对方式问卷和心理健康症状自评量表(SCL-90),对老年人人格特征、应对方式和心理健康作了问卷调查。人格特征对老年人心理健康具有直接的影响作用。外向型性格有利于老年人心理健康,神经质性格不利于老年人心理健康;人格特征还通过应对方式对老年人心理健康具有间接的影响作用。外向型性格老年人常用求助的应对方式,它更有利于心理健康,神经质性格老年人常用自责的应对方式,它更不利于心理健康。     

创业环境动态性、创业学习与创业机会识别关系研究

通过引入创业环境动态变化频率和变化幅度,以及实用主义、顺从主义、贯融主义3种创业认知学习方式,扩展了现有创业机会识别仿真模型,研究了创业环境动态性、创业学习与创业机会识别之间的作用机制。仿真结果表明：在发现观视角下,实用主义是一种高效但不稳定的学习方式;顺从主义是一种效率一般但较为稳定的学习方式;贯融主义是一种低效的学习方式。为了提高创业机会识别能力,创业者需要根据环境类型选择不同学习策略。在变化慢、变化小的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用实用主义并保持较快的个体学习速率;在变化慢、变化大和变化快、变化小的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用实用主义并保持较慢的个体学习速率;在变化快、变化大的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用顺从主义并保持较快的个体学习速率。     

影响普通高校信贷资金利用效率的因素分析

主要有四个方面的因素影响高校信贷资金的利用效率:一是制度因素;二是国家客观指导不到位;三是高校管理理念的陈旧;四是高校内部管理不到位.     

时间是具有单向度双重意义否定的存在

时间既是抽象的存在,亦是具体的虚无,它是人的自我描影。人的生存意义在于对自我的否定,这个否定是包括同质和异质的否定。人的存在在于把周围世界对象化为为我世界,这个过程和结果就是文化,文化的本质就是人化,是人将自己的本质在时空中刻印。文化作为系统化的有机体,是个产生、发展和没落的过程。文化的发展是呈螺旋状的上升。文化作为一个系统,由各种要素组成也受到种种干扰,要促进文化的发展,需要不断增强文化的免疫力。     

Private Provisions of a Discrete Public Good with Voluntary Participation

This paper studies the mechanism that a profit-making principal should adopt to provide a discrete public good when the values of the consumers are their private information and their participation is voluntary. The free-riding issue is resolved through threatened nonprovision of the good by the provider. Every bidder is asked to announce his or her virtual value as defined in Myerson (1981) . The public good is provided if and only if the sum of the bidders' announced virtual values exceeds the provision cost. When a provision decision results, each bidder pays an amount that is determined by the announcement of other consumers. No one pays when a nonprovision decision results. We find that this mechanism is implementable through an all-pay auction. A restricted profit-maximizing mechanism that implements efficient allocation is also characterized. As in Gradstein (1994) , when provision is always efficient, that is, the sum of consumers' values always exceeds the provision cost, efficient allocation is achievable through a profit-maximizer. However, this is not the case when provision is not efficient.     

对劳动密集型产业发展相关问题的思考

我国处于工业化中期。劳动密集型产业的发展仍然是必要的选择。从产业发展优势的角度看,我国的劳动密集型产业的发展有其自身的比较优势,但仍然存在附加值低、劳动生产率低和企业自身竞争力弱、劳动力便宜的比较优势只是相对的、劳动力技能整体偏低等隐患,因而必须把握好劳动密集型产业的发展方向。     

中国城乡差距的三维解读

中国城乡差距呈现出三维特征:政治维度的城乡差距是最深层次的,以政府治理为研究对象;经济维度的城乡差距居于中间,以产业发展水平差距为代表;表层次的社会维度的城乡差距以公共产品资源配置失衡为标志。从三者之间的关系看,城乡政治差距是总源头,城乡经济差距和城乡社会差距是结果。因此,彻底解决中国城乡差距,必须从消除城乡政治差距入手,以缩小城乡经济差距为重心,以实现城乡公共服务均等化为落脚点。     

企业动态联盟的共同治理

企业动态联盟是动态的、开放的体系,是通过各种契约组成的利益共同体,是一种合作性的竞争组织。本文认为,企业动态联盟的边界模糊性、风险性、文化的差异性以及高度不稳定性是其共同治理的主要原因。企业动态联盟的治理不同于市场机制和单个企业的治理,必定是各方成员企业在很大程度上实行内部治理和外部治理相结合的共同治理,内部治理关键在于理顺共同治理的关系,外部治理关键在于建立信任保障机制,而共同治理的基础是建立有效的信息网络系统。     

Social security in Panama: A multiperiod analysis of income distribution

A unique multiperiod data set is used to look at the income distribution effects of the retirement portion of the social security system of Panama. While it is clear that the system is an important source of income for workers, it is argued that its true redistributive importance is greatly exaggerated. Using a multiperiod view it is found that previously high-wage and urban workers are disproportionately represented among current recipients. It is also argued that social security has substantially reduced the work effort of these workers. Hence the appropriateness of the present social security system is questioned on both equity and efficiency grounds.     

基于能值理论的整理区土地集约利用研究

土地作为不可替代的稀缺经济要素,其空间位置的不可移动性、使用的排他性,决定了我们在土地利用过程中,必须集约利用。本文利用能值理论,分析整理区农业生态系统的能值结构变化,进而反映土地整理的土地集约利用效果。研究结果是土地整理工作较大地改善了项目区农业生产条件,项目区总能值投入比整理前提高了25%,净能值产出率提高了11%,能值使用强度提高了25%,提高了土地生产力和土地资源的集约利用水平;暴露的主要问题是化肥的使用量较大,有机肥投入比例较低,建议应加大对农家肥的投入,提倡种植绿肥,以利于土壤有机质的保持,为农业持续发展提供物质基础。