《海外账户税收遵从法案》的影响及我国金融机构的应对之策

美债危机后，美国政府面临经济下行、财政收支压力加大等问题。在此背景下，美国出台了《海外账户税收遵从法案》（ForeignAccountTaxComplianceAct，简称FATCA），旨在对美国法人及公民在海外的资产加强税收管理，增加国家财政收入。本文分析《海外账户税收遵从法案》的内容、影响及我国金融业的应对之策。     

美国外国账户税务合规法案(FATCA)对我国银行海外业务影响的研究

《海外账户纳税法案》(Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act,下简称FATCA),是美国政府为保障自身税收收入,意在打击美国居民或组织将资产转移到海外进行避税的法案,于2013年1月1日正式实施。该法案要求所有外国金融机构和外国非金融机构鉴别并披露其"美国账户"持有人和成员①,并按要求向美国国税局报告"美国账户"持有人的详细信息并承担代扣代缴义务,否则,该金融机构任何来源于美国的收入款项和销售或处分美国证券所得都将被强行征收一项新的30%的预提税。其实施给我国银行业开展海外业务带来巨大挑战,为此,本文提出相关应对及规避风险之策。     

萨班斯法案实施效果的初步分析

自2002年7月到现在,萨班斯法案已经实施3年多了,其实施效果如何?本文在对几篇主要外文文献编译的基础上,对萨班斯法案实施三年来的实践效果作一简要回顾与检查。总体看,法案导致的实施效果是:对公司而言,面临的压力不断增大,法案遵从成本十分高昂;对注册会计师而言,执业更为谨慎,服务收费大幅增加。公司面临的压力不断增大萨班斯法案的核心在于内部控制的制约与平衡,以确保上市公司在其财务报表上精确记录其资产与负债以及其他项目。根据萨班斯法案,上市公司编制的年度报告中应包括内部控制报告,公司管理层和外部审计师都必须就此做出评价,…     

加大信息采集 强化纳税评估

纳税评估是指税务机关运用数据信息对比分析的方法,对纳税人和扣缴义务人纳税申报情况的真实性和准确性作出定性、定量判断,并采取强化征管措施的管理行为。纳税评估有利于及时纠正纳税人的申报偏差,有利于强化税源管理,有效堵塞税收征管环节的漏洞,有利于提高纳税人的税法遵从度,它是介于申报征收与税务稽查之间的一道“过滤网”,对税务机关而言是一种预警机制,对纳税人则是一种纠错机制。因此,其主要职能应定位为以评促管、以评促改、以评促评、以评促收,挖掘征管潜力,规范征收行为,提升税收征管水平和纳税服务品质,提高税收遵从度。     

美国海外账户纳税法案对中国金融监管 的影响及启示

2014年7月1日,《美国海外账户纳税法案》（FATCA）在美国国会通过四年后正式 生效,该法案旨在打击美国纳税人利用海外账户的逃税行为,全球有超过8万家金融机构将受 此法案影响。该法案涉及美国税收监管域外管辖权与跨国税务信息共享、跨境金融监管、金融 企业公司治理和信息披露等重大问题,包括中国在内的全球110多个国家或地区已经与美国正 式或初步签署了有关协议。本文对该法案主要内容、实施进展及对我国金融监管的影响进行了 研究,提出了有关政策建议。     

建立开放型的税收征管信息系统

新的《税收征管法》第六条规定:“国家有计划地运用现代信息技术装备各级税务机关,加强税收征收管理信息系统的现代化建设,建立、健全税务机关与政府其他管理机关的信息共享制度。纳税人、扣缴义务人和其他有关单位应当按照国家有关规定如实向税务机关提供与纳税人和代扣代缴、代收代缴税款有关的信息。”这条规定包含了两方面的内容:第一,税务系统内部要形成信息网络,税收征管信息可在全国税务系统内传递和共享;第二,税务、工商、海关、银行及其他政府部门之间要形成相互传递和共享信息资源的机制。这一规定使税收信息采集、传递和共享有了法律保障。依据《税收征管法》的基本要求,建立内外共享的开放型的税收征管信息网络系统,有利于税收征管工作相关的各种信息数据通过专门和公用的计算机网络系统互联互通,实现相互传输和及时运用,它具备以下几方面的优越性:(1)有利于提高政府决策的理性化和科学性。税务部门运用信息网络获取更加准确可靠的信息资源,为其正确决策和采取必要对策提供及时高效的全方位信息支持,从而不断提高实施税收政策的精准力度。(2)有利于深化税务机关与纳税人的沟通内涵。税务机关通过涵盖国民经济各部门和社会生活各领域的信息网络系统,打破传统的时空限制...     

事先裁定制度研究

事先裁定是指税务机关就纳税人申请的关于未来的特定事项应如何适用税法而专门发布解释陛文件的程序的总称。在适当制度安排下,事先裁定鼓励并提高纳税人的税法遵从度,提升税务机关的管理效能,有助于构建和谐税企合作关系。鉴于此,本文借鉴国际经验,结合中国国情,提出了我国事先裁定制度的设计方案,建议我国事先裁定制度应分步实施,先在税收遵从度较高的大企业中开展试点,积累经验后全面铺开。     

第三方信息的采集与应用

第三方涉税信息是指来源于征纳双方之外的其他机关、事业单位或企业法人提供的、与纳税人的生产经营活动和税务机关的征收管理有直接或间接联系的数据。税务机关和政府部门之间的职能联结,使第三方涉税信息的来源渠道与其他渠道相比更加稳定、可靠。对第三方涉税信息进行高效的采集、分析、应用,有助于加强税源监控,提高税源管理质效,也能为领导决策、政府规划提供重要参考。     

我国的税务登记制度及其完善

税务登记又称纳税登记．是指纳税人依法向税务机关申请履行纳税义务．税务机关接受申请．经审核登记后发给税务登记证的行为。我国现行的税务登记制度具有行政许可属性．它是税务机关对纳税人实施税收征收管理的首要环节和基础工作．也是征纳双方法律关系成立的依据和证明。实行税务登记制度对于税务机关了解纳税人的基本情况．掌握税源．加强征收管理．防止漏管漏征．     

莱州市涉税信息共享的经验与启示

<正>涉税信息共享是指税务机关与掌握纳税人涉税数据信息资源的其他部门或机构进行信息共享的过程。涉税信息是税务机关在税收征管中的重要资源,若能充分共享其他部门或机构的涉税信息,及时将涉税信息进行整合分析,转化为税务机关可用的税源信息,能够进一步加大税收征管力度,提升纳税人税法遵从度,有效解决税收征纳双方信息不对称问题,从而实现税收成果。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.