关于我国农业发展模式的再思考

农业发展模式的选择关系到农业发展的根本目标和进程,关系到国民经济全局的协调发展,是发展农业经济的首要任务。根据我国农业发展的目标和具体国情应该以“生态农业”模式做为我国农业现代化模式。     

新时期我国生态农业模式发展研究

生态农业是替代传统农业和石油农业的全新农业模式,其发展对改善中国农业产地环境与农产品质量、保障农业可持续发展有着重要的现实意义。在对国内外农业发展模式进行详细梳理的基础上,分析了中国生态农业发展的现状及其面临的困境与挑战,并提出了对策与建议。     

对我国生态农业发展模式的探讨

生态农业是在适应可持续发展战略与持续农业基础上发展起来的,它是以农业资源的合理利用、农业生态环境的有效保护为目标的高效、低耗、低污染的农业发展模式。西方国家从理论到实践巳走过几十年的历程,我国的生态农业理论及典型的推广实践仅有十几年的历史。实践证明,生态农业具有明显的因地制宜性,很难形成一个全球普遍适应的模式。     

循环经济型生态农业模式构建——以我国中原经济区建设为例

循环经济型生态农业是循环经济的原理在农业生产上的具体应用,是对传统线性农业发展方式的根本变革,其核心环节是把废弃物转化为再生资源或再生产品,从而实现"低消耗、低排放、高效率",理想的目标是污染零排放,形成农业生产的闭路式物质循环系统。中原经济区建设要在确保粮食安全的前提下,走"三化"协调的科学发展道路,循环经济型生态农业模式是河南农业发展的有益探索。文章阐述了循环经济型生态农业的渊源及内涵;归纳出循环经济型生态农业的一般模型;针对河南不同地区特点,构建出平原粮食主产区物质循环利用模式、水域生态系统农林牧副渔一体化模式、山林果园立体种养殖模式、矿区生态综合治理模式四种循环经济型生态农业模式;并从思想、规划、制度、技术、宣传、推广六个层面,提出实施循环经济型生态农业的决策建议。     

我国生态农业发展模式初探

生态农业是我国农业未来发展的根本方向,而我国农业地域的自然经济条件的差异决定了在不同地域要培育多样的生态农业发展模式。现阶段,我国要着力推进和培育城镇近郊多功能都市生态农业发展模式,农产品主产区规模化生态农业发展模式,生产条件较差农业区综合效益优化生态农业发展模式三大生态农业模式。     

中国生态农业发展的进展、问题与展望

生态农业兼顾经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,符合中国现代农业发展要求。该文从投入产出、资源环境约束、食品安全和生态文明建设要求等角度分析了石化农业难以为继和生态农业发展的必然性。同时,从理论体系建设、发展模式、政策支撑等方面分析了中国生态农业发展进展。在此基础上,归纳出中国生态农业发展中存在的理论体系不完备、支撑技术体系建设滞后、支持政策体系不完善、农业社会化服务水平不匹配、农业产业化水平较低等主要问题,并展望了中国生态农业发展趋势,包括生态农业将成为未来现代农业发展新方向,生态农业短期仍将处于低效益、低技术和低参与,更加注重生态农业技术的研究、应用和推广,生态农业建设的标准及认证将进一步统一。     

我国生态农业发展研究

生态农业是替代传统农业的全新农业模式，是把现代科学技术成与传统农业科技的精华有机结合，把农业生产、农村经济发展和生态环境治理与保护、资源的培育与高效利用融为一体的具有生态合理性、功能良性循环的新型综合农业体系。论述了生态农业的内涵、实质与特点，我国生态农业发展成效，我国生态农业发展模式与支撑体系，我国生态农业发展的指导思想及入世后的工作重点。     

乡村振兴背景下我国生态农业发展研究——评《生态农业系统动力学——管理策略的生成与仿真》

为顺应亿万农民对美好生活的向往,2018年9月,中共中央、国务院高瞻远瞩,印发了《乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022年)》,为我国农业、农村发展设定了新的目标,指明了新的发展方向。生态农业是我国乡村振兴战略和生态文明建设双重要求下的农业高质量发展的必然路径选择。生态农业是将生态学原理和经济学原理结合后,综合应用现代农业生产技术,以追求生态效益、社会效益、经济效益相统一为目标的新型农业发展模式。     

环境和资源危机时代农业向何处去？——古巴、朝鲜和美国农业的启示

本文描述了古巴、朝鲜和美国的农业模式及相应模式下各自迥异的境况,探讨资源限制对农业发展的长期约束,并联系中国的现实展开讨论,指出危机下的中国农村发展生态农业及相关产业比绿色革命农业模式能让更多的人安居乐业。     

中国农业是如何走上石油化工道路的?——农业生产方式转型的体制机制动力北大核心CSSCI

20世纪80年代,发达国家石油化工农业的危害性已经充分暴露,向生态农业转型已经成为一股潮流。我国科学界也兴起了生态农业的研究高潮,政府出台了一系列政策,试图推动生态农业的发展。然而,过去三十多年,我国生态农业的发展却面临巨大的体制障碍:分散经营的小农生产模式破坏了农业的整体性和系统性,自由放任的市场机制无法体现生态农业的公共性。相反,以去集体化和市场化为特征的新型农业生产经营体制,自发地引导中国农业生产方式从生态模式向石油化工模式的大转型,由此带来严重的生态环境问题和农产品质量安全问题。不改变既有的体制机制,就不可能实现向生态农业的回归,也不可能从根本上解决生态环境和农产品质量安全问题。     

Assessing sustainable forest management under REDD +: A community-based labour perspective

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus (REDD +) encourages economic support for reducing deforestation and conserving or increasing existing forest carbon stocks. The way in which incentives are structured affects trade-offs between local livelihoods, carbon emission reduction, and the cost-effectiveness of a REDD + programme. Looking at first-hand empirical data from 208 farming households in the Bolivian Amazon from a household economy perspective, our study explores two policy options: 1) compensated reduction of emissions from old-growth forest clearing for agriculture, and 2) direct payments for labour input into sustainable forest management combined with a commitment not to clear old-growth forest. Our results indicate that direct payments for sustainable forest management – an approach that focuses on valuing farmers' labour input – can be more cost-effective than compensated reduction and in some cases is the most appropriate choice for achieving improved household incomes, permanence of changes, avoidance of leakages, and community-based institutional enforcement for sustainable forest management.     

Long-term global water projections using six socioeconomic scenarios in an integrated assessment modeling framework

In this paper, we assess future water demands for the agricultural (irrigation and livestock), energy (electricity generation, primary energy production and processing), industrial (manufacturing and mining), and municipal sectors, by incorporating water demands into a technologically-detailed global integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, and climate change — the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). Base-year water demands – both gross withdrawals and net consumptive use – are assigned to specific modeled activities in a way that maximizes consistency between bottom-up estimates of water demand intensities of specific technologies and practices, and top-down regional and sectoral estimates of water use. The energy, industrial, and municipal sectors are represented in fourteen geopolitical regions, with the agricultural sector further disaggregated into as many as eighteen agro-ecological zones (AEZs) within each region. We assess future water demands representing six socioeconomic scenarios, with no constraints imposed by future water supplies. The scenarios observe increases in global water withdrawals from 3710 km³ year^− 1 in 2005 to 6195–8690 km³ year^− 1 in 2050, and to 4869–12,693 km³ year^− 1 in 2095. Comparing the projected total regional water withdrawals to the historical supply of renewable freshwater, the Middle East exhibits the highest levels of water scarcity throughout the century, followed by India; water scarcity increases over time in both of these regions. In contrast, water scarcity improves in some regions with large base-year electric sector withdrawals, such as the USA and Canada, due to capital stock turnover and the almost complete phase-out of once-through flow cooling systems. The scenarios indicate that: 1) water is likely a limiting factor in meeting future water demands, 2) many regions can be expected to increase reliance on non-renewable groundwater, water reuse, and desalinated water, but they also highlight an important role for development and deployment of water conservation technologies and practices.     

论发展创意农业——黑龙江省农民增收的新途径

黑龙江省是农业大省,发展创意农业是黑龙江省农民增收的新途径。从创意农业的概念界定及特点出发,认为黑龙江省发展创意农业还处在初级阶段,可以从努力打造黑龙江创意农业园区、加大农业投入、完善创意农业保险机制、健全创意农业品牌建设激励机制、优化创意农业流通渠道和推进黑龙江省创意农业示范工程六个方面来发展创意农业,增加农民收入。     

政府对农业生产基础设施投资效应分析

当前中国农业正处于由传统农业向现代化农业转轨的过渡期，农业和农村发展仍然处在艰难的爬坡阶段．需要大量资金投入，在基础设施建设方面更是如此。中国财政支农支出增幅不到位，农业基础设施脆弱，农业生产基础设施发展滞后一直是中国农村经济发展的瓶颈，应切实加强农业生产基础设施建设，加强政府对农业生产基础设施投资。以加快社会主义新农村建设。     

城乡交错带农业旅游发展战略——以上海为例

近年来,农业旅游逐渐成为农业和旅游业新的经济增长点,城乡交错带是农业旅游发展的主要区域。文章分析了城乡交错带发展农业旅游的重要性及优势,划分了地域结构及范围,探讨了农业旅游的功能定位及产品策划;并以上海为例,提出发展思路及保障措施。     

大城市边缘区观光农业发展研究

观光农业是传统农业与现代旅游业相结合形成的一种新型交就型产业，经济发达的大城市边缘区是观光农业发展的一个主要区域，本文在对观光农业发展历史回顾的基础上，分析了大城市边缘区观光农业的发展优势与特征，并在此基础上提出了我国大城市边缘区发展观光农业的初步构想。     

System analysis and path choice for modem agricultural development： a case study of Suzhou

From the view of system theory, modern agriculture in a region embodies elements conformity, structure optimization, multi-functionality and sustainable development. This paper first expounds on the relationship among agricultural elements, structure, function and development theoretically, compartmentalizes agriculture types based on human-land elements matching, and depicts the development path of agricultural multi-functionality. it shows that the matching of human-land elements is a key to agricultural types, and the multi-functionality is an indication of agricultural development stages. At last, as a case study of Suzhou in eastern coastal area, the paper analyzes the evolvement situation and developing mechanism and some typical models of modern agriculture which suit to agriculture system evolvement. The results .show that in Suzhou the agriculture productivity, has improved greatly; And along with the agriculture structure optimizing, agriculture function has translated from ＂production ＂ to ＂non- production and production ＂. With simulation of agricultural trend in Suzhou, it is .found that Suzhou has a LP- dependence （labor productivity） on agricultural element, so Suzhou will has much more potential in land productivity. Based on the above analysis on agricultural system, some typical patterns on modern agriculture in Suzhou are brought up, such as export-oriented agriculture, enterprises-leading agriculture, science and technology, parks agriculture, stereoseopic agriculture, and tourism and sightseeing agriculture.     

武汉市发展都市农业资金流的实证分析

现代都市农业的发展,是由传统农业向现代农业转化的过渡性多层面的农业现象。大部分都市农业的设想都倾向于加大都市农业中现代农业科技含量,运用合适的农业政策,促进农业的产业化,而忽视或不重视农业资金投入和保值问题,本文以武汉市为例,主要对武汉市农业资金流失的原因进行了分析。     

简论循环经济与生态农业发展的关系

循环经济的根本任务和根本要求是化解经济发展与生态环境之间的尖锐矛盾,生态农业的建设是循环经济在农村的具体体现,所以,发展循环经济是生态农业的本质要求,发展循环经济有利于改善农业生态环境.把握循环经济在生态农业的4R原则,关注循环经济在生态农业的关键环节和重点领域,探索循环经济在生态农业的合理框架和典型模式,是循环经济引领生态农业发展的关键.