资本结构的决定因素-来自中国的证据

同其他国家一样,中国上市公司的财务杠杆随企业规模、非债务性避税规模和公司固定资产的增加而增大,随公司盈利能力增加而减小,而且同上市公司所属行业相关.同时,它还会受到所有权结构的影响.同其他国家不同的是,中国上市公司的财务杠杆随公司经营风险程度的增加而增加,而且企业倾向于持有较低的长期债务.同融资的优序假说相比,静态权衡模型对中国上市公司的资本结构似乎有更强的解释力.     

资本结构的决定因素-来自中国的证据

同其他国家一样,中国上市公司的财务杠杆随企业规模、非债务性避税规模和公司固定资产的增加而增大,随公司盈利能力增加而减小,而且同上市公司所属行业相关。同时,它还会受到所有权结构的影响。同其他国家不同的是,中国上市公司的财务杠杆随公司经营风险程度的增加而增加,而且企业倾向于持有较低的长期债务。同融资的优序假说相比,静态权衡模型对中国上市公司的资本结构似乎有更强的解释力。     

WAGES,PROFITS AND CAPITAL FLIGHT*

We model capital flight as the outcome of a non-cooperative differential game between workers (who control the wage share) and capitalists (who control investment at home and abroad). There are three equilibria for such a game. Along the interior equilibrium, the domestic economy becomes “decapitalized” as investors build up their holdings of foreign assets, in a situation reminiscent of the experience of several developing countries.     

INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PUERTO RICO,ARGENTINA, AND MEXICO*

Has economic growth in developing countries led to increasing inequality in the size distribution of income? Following a brief review of the advantages and deficiencies of several traditional measures of income distribution, the author examines the evidence from Puerto Rico, Argentina, and Mexico in recent years. The findings suggest that the income shares received by the lower half and by the top 5 per cent of families in Puerto Rico and Mexico have declined from 1950 to 1963, while the income shares received by the bottom nine deciles of families in Argentina have also fallen during the same period. The rising Gini ratio and standard deviation of the logs of income, both indicating greater inequality, contrast with a declining coefficient of variation for all three countries. More detailed sectoral distributions for each year reveal greater equality within agriculture than non-agriculture for Puerto Rico and Mexico, while Argentina and the United States demonstrate less equality within agriculture. The trends in the countrywide distributions are consistent with the observation of the increasing differential between sectors, the increasing weight of the more unequal sector, and the increasing level of inequality within both sectors. These trends, however, are qualified by the particular set of measures which are applied to the data. Finally, the author speculates on possible explainations for these trends in terms of changes in the crop and industry mix.     

中国资本投资回报率的估算和影响因素分析-1999-2004年上市公司的经验

本文借鉴Mueller和Reardon(1993)的模型以及Bau-mol等(1970)的模型,对中国上市公司1999—2004年的资本投资回报率进行了估算。研究发现,中国上市公司的资本投资回报率仅为2.6%,并且,资本投资回报率低于资本成本,说明中国上市公司的投资效率堪忧。在此基础上,本文进一步考察了投资环境和所有权结构对资本投资回报的影响。结果表明,投资环境的改善和适当的所有权安排有助于资本投资回报的提升。在进一步考察投资环境和所有权结构的交互作用后,我们发现,二者关系更多地表现为一种互补关系。     

资本外逃对中国宏观经济的影响

针对近年来我国资本外逃呈现愈演愈烈的趋势,许多研究试图解释它的主要动机、方式和渠道,并运用不同的方法对其规模进行估算。区别于上述研究,本文利用模拟模型就资本外逃对我国宏观经济的影响进行定量分析。模型结果显示,一方面,资本外逃可导致实际利息率的提高,从而降低私人消费、投资和总需求,失业率提高;另一方面,资本外逃导致低通胀的环境,低通胀同时意味着我国承受了较低的货币贬值的压力,并且保持了出口增长。     

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CONTRACTUAL DISPUTES IN PRIVATE WATER AND SANITATION:LESSONS FROM ARGENTINA

ABSTRACT 1 : This paper examines the causes of the contractual disputes in the water and sanitation sectors and the resulting reversal of the privatization process. The evidence has been gathered from four major case studies in Argentina. The discussion is based on the evidence contained in the legal submissions made by the Government of Argentina and the disputing companies to the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes. The findings of the paper offer important lessons for the design and management of similar contracts for other countries.     

EFFICACY OF CHINA'S CAPITAL CONTROLS: EVIDENCE FROM PRICE AND FLOW DATA

Abstract.   The paper argues that China's capital controls remain substantially binding. This has allowed the Chinese authorities to retain some degree of short-term monetary autonomy, despite the fixed exchange rate to July 2005. Although the Chinese capital controls have not been watertight, we find sustained and significant gaps between onshore and offshore renminbi interest rates and persistent dollar/renminbi interest rate differentials during the period of a de facto dollar peg. While some cross-border flows do respond to market expectations and relative yields, they have not been large enough to equalise onshore and offshore renminbi yields.     

ENTRY REGULATIONS,WELFARE, AND DETERMINANTS OF MARKET STRUCTURE

Welfare effects of entry regulations are theoretically ambiguous in differentiated product markets. We use a dynamic oligopoly model of entry and exit with store‐type differentiation and static price setting to evaluate how entry regulations affect long‐run profitability, market structure, and welfare. Based on unique data for all retail food stores in Sweden, we estimate demand, recover variable profits, and estimate entry costs and fixed costs by store type. Counterfactual policy experiments show that welfare increases when competition is enhanced by lower entry costs. Protecting small stores by imposing licensing fees on large stores is not welfare enhancing.     

资本深化、资源配置效率与全要素生产率：来自小企业的发现*

关于资本深化促进生产率提升、资源错配导致企业全要素生产率低下的问题,学术界基于大中型企业的研究已基本达成共识,而针对小企业研究较少。本文构建三者之间的理论模型,并基于江苏省小企业数据进行实证检验。研究发现,资本深化对资源配置效率的影响呈现倒U型,而与生产率为U型关系。资本深化程度较低或较高的企业改善资源配置效率可以促进生产率提升,而中等水平的企业呈现抑制效应。这在小规模企业、低技术行业中更加明显。小企业面对劳动工资、利率水平上涨,其资源配置效率被抑制,但是能够提升企业生产率。本文的政策启示是政府在支持中小企业投融资的同时,对中小企业人才和用工政策应予以更多支持。     

STOCKS AND DEPRECIATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL: NEW EVIDENCE FROM A PRESENT-VALUE PERSPECTIVE

Responding to a perceived growing interest in human wealth estimates, this paper offers a framework for measuring the aggregate stock of human capital and then implements the procedure for the United States male population age 14 to 75. Unlike previous estimates of human wealth that are based upon historical or resource costs, these estimates measure the capital stock as the discounted resent-value of expected lifetime returns. In the estimation, returns are equated with earnings data from the 1970 U.S. Census 15 percent Public Use Sample for out-of-school males, adjusted for employment and survival probabilities, adjusted for an assumed exogenous growth in future earnings, and discounted at 7.5 percent.
We provide cross-sectional estimates of individual stocks of human capital by age and educational attainment, as well as expected lifetime wealth profiles for individuals by level of education. These individual profiles can be used to obtain direct estimates of age-specific depreciation which suggest human capital is subject to significant and prolonged appreciation before nearly straight-line depreciation begins around middle age. This finding is all the more significant since resource-cost estimates of human capital which must assume a depreciation pattern to obtain stocks have always imposed a much faster rate much sooner.
Finally, an aggregate estimate of the stock of human capital for all males is supplied and its sensitivity to the choice of the discount rate, tax laws, and expected exogenous growth is analyzed. This seemingly-conservative stock estimate is then compared to a much lower resource-cost estimate offered recently by John Kendrick. A discount rate over 20 percent would be needed to equate the two measures. In trying to reconcile the two figures, we raise some new questions about the validity of both approaches for human capital accounting.     

THE DETERMINANTS OF LATENESS: EVIDENCE FROM BRITISH WORKERS

Using a sample of male and female workers from the 1992 Employment in Britain survey, we estimate a generalised grouped zero‐inflated Poisson regression model of employees' self‐reported lateness. Lateness is higher for males, private sector workers and in service industries. Reflecting theoretical predictions from both psychology and economics, we model lateness as a function of incentives, the monitoring of, and sanctions for, lateness within the workplace, job satisfaction and attitudes to work. Various aspects of workplace incentive and disciplinary policies turn out to affect lateness; however, controlling for these, an important role for job satisfaction remains.     

白领阶层的职务意识及其决定的主要原因

本文的主要目的是研究和阐明20世纪90年代后期中国工业企业中白领阶层的地位和特点。文中的数据来自于我们在武汉市所作的问卷调查以及由此所进行的统计判别分析。通过分析我们指出:尽管白领阶层的工资收入与普通工人没有什么差别,但他们的职务意识,特别是他们在对待市场化等问题的态度上更接近于管理人员。这种状况被认为主要是源于白领所拥有的较高的文化程度。这些分析结果意味着职务意识可能与工资等劳动条件没有太大关联。     

务工回乡创业的资本形成、扩散及区域效应——基于河南省固始县个案的实证研究

基于河南省固始县回乡创业者的个案调查,探讨了回乡创业者带回的物质资本在农区相关个体及组织中的扩散效应以及影响扩散的因素,得出如下结论:①回乡创业者物质资本扩散过程中牵涉的个体及组织相当复杂,包括当地商业经营者、企业一线工人、技术及管理人员、失地村民、地方政府等;②以工资性收人为起点,物质资本产生了很高的扩散效应,其中企业创办后的扩散效应明显高于企业创办时的扩散效应;③打工历程、带回的物质资本数量及创业时间、物质资本当地化程度及消费倾向、行业性质、县域政策环境等均影响物质资本的扩散过程及扩散效应;④在当地营造良好的学习环境、培养亲商氛围、针对不同回乡创业者实施差别化的政策,能够更加有效地促进物质资本在农区的扩散效应.     

组合、套利和资本市场的均衡特征——对资本市场均衡“异化”现象的一种解释

无套利均衡是新古典主义理论在特定条件下所界定的市场均衡特征。考察卖空限制和借款约束行为对资本市场上的组合和套利行为的影响,并结合市场从非均衡向均衡的调整过程,定性考察不同行为假设之下资本市场均衡特征的变化,可以发现,资本市场均衡和套利机会之间的共存或排斥状态,直接受制于有关市场参与者的初始行为假设。在不同的行为假设之下,市场参与者的组合和套利行为具有不同的特征和不同的影响。     

城乡户籍与人力资本收益——基于广东省截面数据的观察

利用广东省各地区制造业企业劳动力情况的4443个样本截面调研数据,分析城乡户籍就业劳动力人力资本回报情况.研究表明,在社会主义市场经济改革进程中,行政权力和市场力量常常以不同的结合形态相互交织在一起,通过不同的方式改变着劳动力在户籍方面的结构特征和劳动力市场条件,从而决定着当前城乡户籍就业人力资本回报的基本格局及其变化路径.各地区户籍分组的人力资本收益率的变化显著存在差异,劳动力流动和劳动力培训在广东省的市场化收益体现得还不是很明显,尤其是劳动合同的签订情况是在劳动力市场合约谈判和履行中特别需要关注的一个问题.     

中国资本外逃与外国直接投资关系的实证分析(1984-1999)

本文分别采用相关分析、因子分析和因果分析三种计量分析方法,分析了中国资本外逃与外国直接投资之间的关系。本文的研究表明,中国资本外逃与外国直接投资之间存在着显著性很强的正相关关系,并且因子分析与因果分析的结果也支持这一结论,说明驱动中国资本外逃的主要因素不是投资环境恶化,中国资本外逃在很大程度上是由于对内资和外资采取的差别政策待遇所引起的,并据此提出了相应的政策启示。