Combined price support and fertilizer subsidy policies for food self-sufficiency: A case study of rice in Bangladesh

Output price support and input subsidies, particularly fertilizer subsidies, are used in many developing countries as short-term policies for stimulating food production. This paper presents a method of evaluating combined price support and fertilizer subsidy policies, allowing for differences in emphasis on each. Bangladesh is taken as a case study. The paper also indicates the likely distributional consequences of the various combined policies and formulates policy suggestions based on the results. The guiding hypothesis for the study is that some combination of price support and fertilizer subsidies is preferable to a price support or fertilizer subsidy monopolicy in achieving rice self sufficiency in Bangladesh.     

Common waters and private lands: Distributional impacts of floodplain aquaculture in Bangladesh

Aquaculture continues to diversify and develop rapidly in Bangladesh. A major change has taken place in parts of Bangladesh due to the growth of floodplain aquaculture (FPA) projects. FPA involves the enclosure by the landholders of parts of the floodplain through the creation of embankments and sluice gates. The enclosed water body is stocked with fish seed and the benefits are distributed amongst those who own land in the impounded area. This study has found that FPA tends to exclude a large number of poor households and adversely affects them through the attenuation of their common property rights over the floodplains, besides skewing the distribution of benefits amongst those who directly benefit from it. They have been further marginalised in project institutions that are captured by rural elites. This paper suggests a more precautionary approach to the growth of the FPA and compensation to, or inclusion of the losers.     

Detecting food emergencies: Lessons from the 1979 Bangladesh crisis

Much of the work done on Bangladesh's vulnerability to food emergencies has focused on the famine of 1974. However, it is also instructive to consider the experience of 1979, when outright famine was narrowly averted, although there were certainly excess deaths from starvation in some localities. This paper outlines the main features of the crisis and considers the degrees of usefulness of available macroeconomic indicators of stress which might be taken as a basis for government action in the future. The paper concludes by briefly outlining the kinds of action which are likely to be most appropriate to arresting a developing food emergency in Bangladesh.     

工业经济学新体系研究

当工业经济学的客观基础发生了极大的变化，传统的工业经济学已经难以驾驭的时候，工业经济学本身应该做怎样的调整和发展呢?《新编工业经济学》的研究对象是：在市场经济条件下，工业生产以及同工业生产直接相关的经济行为、经济关系和经济规律，包括工业品生产、交换、消费过程中的一切经济现象。工业生产是采取自然物质资源，通过加工制造活动进行物质形态转换，使之成为人类生产和生活所需要的物质资料的过程。而在经济学的学科分类中，工业经济学就是研究工业生产领域中有限资源的有效利用和配置，以及由此产生的社会生产关系和人类福利问题的经济学分支学科。工业经济学是一门与时俱进的学科，关于其学科体系的研究尚处于初步阶段，而且工业经济学具有开放性。所以，工业经济学的学科体系是可发展的。随着研究的深入，工业经济学的学科体系也将不断完善和更具科学性。     

Spatial patterns of rural poverty and their relationship with welfare-influencing factors in Bangladesh

This study determines the spatial variation of rural poverty in Bangladesh and its relation to people’s livelihood assets affecting their ability to procure food. We estimated household income for over 1 million census households using a predictor model based on a nationally representative sample survey data set. We computed and mapped poverty indices for 415 rural subdistricts revealing distinct areas with high poverty incidence that correspond with ecologically depressed areas. However, other livelihood-influencing factors such as education, accessibility and services are significantly correlated with poverty. This indicates the need for continued focus on providing education and access to income-generating opportunities so that the poor can better meet their food needs. Geographically weighted regression analysis indicated spatial differences in the relative importance of various poverty-influencing factors. Multivariate clustering of the local parameter (β) estimates of the determinant factors revealed distinct spatial relationships, which have implications on poverty alleviation interventions specific to the different regions.     

From pond to plate: Towards a twin-driven commodity chain in Bangladesh shrimp aquaculture

Globalization of the agro-food system has led developing nations to orient their production to meet global markets. Consequently, local agricultural systems are increasingly linked to global commodity networks, and generate complex intersections and sometimes tensions. Cultured shrimp in Bangladesh is such a global commodity that connects the local producers with the global consumers starting from pond to plate via a network of diverse actors in a complex manner. Field research in Bangladesh shows that shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh is moving towards a twin-driven commodity chain in which lead firms govern supply network, while the Shrimp Seal of Quality Organization (SSOQ), a recently emerged third-party certifier, as well as other environmental NGOs define regulatory aspects of the industry. While governance in twin-driven commodity chain offers opportunities for a sustainable aquaculture, it also poses many questions which have significant policy implications for different stakeholders involved in the chain.     

平台经济学初探

平台作为新经济时代最重要的产业组织形式,仅仅在最近几年才得到国外学者的重视,而我国对平台产业的研究尚未起步.本文在综述国外学者对平台经济研究的基础上,首次给出了平台经济学的定义,并对平台产业可能涉及的问题进行了分析.首先讨论了平台经济的主要表现与特征,尤其是直接外部性与间接外部性,以及平台竞争中常见的多属行为：然后探讨了平台的分类与业务模式,并分析了平台竞争的形成与具体表现形式,同时归纳了平台的定价机制与管制能力;最后做总结,并指出了未来的研究前景.     

Faltering fisheries and ascendant aquaculture: Implications for food and nutrition security in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has made considerable progress against human development indicators in recent years, but malnutrition resulting from poor dietary diversity and low micronutrient intakes remains entrenched. Fish is central to the Bangladeshi diet and small fish species are an important micronutrient source. Although fish consumption per capita has increased in recent years as a result of rapid expansion of aquaculture, it is likely that consumption of fish from capture fisheries (including small indigenous species particularly rich in micronutrients), has declined. This paper evaluates data on fish consumption collected in Bangladesh by the International Food Policy Research Institute in 1996/7 and 2006/7 to assess changing patterns of fish consumption and their implications for food and nutrition security. This analysis indicates that growth of aquaculture has been positive, mitigating a sharp reduction in the quantity of fish consumed from capture fisheries and smoothing out seasonal variability in consumption. However, increased availability of fish from aquaculture may not have fully compensated for the loss of fish from capture fisheries in terms of dietary diversity, micronutrient intakes and food and nutrition security, particularly for the poorest consumers. A range of approaches are recommended to sustain and enhance the contributions capture fisheries and aquaculture make to food and nutrition security in Bangladesh     

和谐社会的经济学解释

文章论述了经济和谐理论的发展脉络。西方古典经济学家在十九世纪就提出了经济和谐的思想,后来的古典经济学家和新古典经济学家也对此有所贡献,但他们并没有进行深入的论述和实践。马克思主义经济学家在空想社会主义者的研究基础上,进行了深入的研究,提出了自己的经济和谐理论,对指导我们的工作有较好的借鉴意义,对构建社会主义和谐社会提出了政策建议。     

Economics at the FTC: Pharmaceutical Patent Dispute Settlements and Behavioral Economics

Economics at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) supports both the competition and consumer protection missions of the agency. In this year’s essay we discuss two issues, one from each of the agency’s missions. First, we focus on intellectual property issues in pharmaceuticals. Specifically, we discuss the principal rationale for antitrust concerns about certain patent dispute settlements in the ethical drug industry. Then, we discuss consumer economics, our recent behavioral economics conference, and how behavioral economics influences our thinking about consumer policy.     

港口经济综合评价指标的因子分析

对港口经济进行综合评价需要建立一套综合评价指标体系。本文选取2008年综合竞争力排名靠前的港口作为样本,通过收集各样本在2009年的经济指标数据,利用因子分析计算出各个港口经济的综合得分和排名。结果表明所选取的指标具有高度的内在关联性,可据此有效地对港口经济情况进行评价和建议。其中,大部分港口的经济排名和货物吞吐量排名差异较小,只有南京、深圳、秦皇岛、营口和日照等港口因各自情况的不同而具有较大的差异。     

Assessing the sustainability of rice production growth in Bangladesh

This paper identifies the sources of growth in rice production in Bangladesh over the 1973–99 period. The main contributor was found to be the conversion of rice growing areas from local to modern varieties. The most important conclusion, based on simulations, is that the current level of per capita production can be sustained only through increased yields of modern rice varieties. Population control is found to have significant long-run benefits, while faster conversion of remaining area to modern varieties has important short-run payoffs. The latter two actions, however, can only complement but not substitute efforts to increase the yields of modern varieties.     

Explaining geospatial variation in mobile phone ownership among rural women of Bangladesh: A multi-level and multidimensional approach

Despite significant progress in Information and communication technologies (ICTs), rural dwellers of Bangladesh are still less fortunate when it comes to availing the improved ICT facilities compared to their urban counterparts, and this digital divide is more evident in the case of women. Mobile phone ownership (MPO) can play a key role in bridging this digital divide and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of “End poverty in all its forms everywhere”, “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”, and “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. Administrative district-level infrastructural and societal readiness to women's MPO in rural settings of Bangladesh may also influence the geospatial variation in their MPO status, which is still unexplained. In the context of rural Bangladesh, household heads substantially exert influence over women's decision-making process. However, the role of household heads' age and education on women's MPO is mostly unexplored. As in developing countries, women's MPO does not ensure its usage, investigating the possibilities of women's MPO on its usage has immense importance. Therefore, this study aims to revisit the correlates of rural women's MPO in Bangladesh and explain the administrative district-level geospatial variation in their MPO by controlling the effect of individual and household-level sociodemographic correlates of MPO. Further, this study attempts to investigate the possibilities of MPO on the extent of its usage. This study used the latest nationally representative cross-sectional data from Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019. This study reveals that the district-level readiness was a potential source of geospatial variation in the prevalence of rural women's MPO in Bangladesh. The lowest level of readiness was noticed in north-western Bangladesh. Comparatively elderly women with better education and media exposure had a considerably higher chance of MPO. Elderly household heads, especially male and less educated heads, hindered the MPO of women. This study identified MPO as a key determinant of its extent of usage. Moreover, to increase the MPO by a faster pace, strategies should target less empowered women, particularly those who lived in districts of lower readiness.     

基于循环经济的工业园区生态化研究

循环经济逐渐成为国际社会经济发展的主流，中国经济发展也力求在不断提高智力资源对物质资源的替代，实现向生态化的转化。但由于长期受线性技术范式的制约，加上近10年经济快速增长，经济总量规模不断扩大，资源耗竭和生态消费已经成为经济进一步发展的桎梏，而工业在中国国民经济结构中又占据着主体地位，因此，工业的生态化对中国经济的生态化具有重要的意义。本文详细剖析了产业生态化的循环层面，提出了工业园区生态化的升级目标、推进措施和相关政策建议。     

中国海洋经济研究30年：回顾与展望

随着我国1978年开始的改革开放进程,海洋经济研究也刚好走过了30年的发展历程。本文基于对中国海洋经济研究30年学术研讨会研究论文和交流成果的分析.尝试对我国海洋经济研究的基本概念和理论体系演变、研究方法论建设,以及研究领域的拓展进行初步总结。并对海洋产业经济、海洋区域经济等分支学科的发展进行专题评述.尝试提出全球海洋问题日益严重背景下我国海洋经济理论、方法和实践领域的发展方向。     

银行业对外开放对我国农村经济发展的影响

以银行业开放为视角,在介绍我国银行业开放现状的基础上,分析了当前银行业开放对我国农村经济发展的不利影响：银行业开放并没有优化农村金融资源的配置,反而加剧了农村资金供求的矛盾,同时也降低了农村金融服务水平。通过分析,提出了银行业开放条件下发展我国农村经济的几点建议。     

建筑经济管理中神经网络的应用

分析了神经网络的特征及其信息处理的特点,指出了建筑经济管理研究面临的问题,研究了神经网络与建筑经济管理结合的必要性和可行性,以及神经网络在建筑经济管理中应用的领域。     

灵活就业市场的新制度经济学分析

灵活就业是当前和今后实现扩大就业的途径之一。从新制度经济学的观点入手,引入交易费用理论,建立灵活就业条件方程,分析了灵活就业和灵活用工的微观决策机制。指出,就业机会、社会资本、人力资本及其利用效率形成正规就业阈值;物质资本、人力资本初始值及其净收益是灵活就业方式选择的决定因素。     

二甲醚的技术进展及替代柴油的经济性分析

概述了二甲醚的市场情况以及二甲醚生产技术的最新进展，介绍了二甲醚替代柴油的最新研究进展情况；对二甲醚替代柴油的经济性问题进行了详细分析，对二甲醚项目建设决策具有一定参考意义。     

管理学方法与经济学方法的借鉴、融合

管理学从其诞生之日就与经济学紧密联系在一起,尤其是在方法上的借鉴、融合至今仍然是管理学者和经济学者关注的焦点。本文结合对管理学理论形成的方法论逻辑的探讨,阐述经济学方法对管理学的影响．并指出经济学方法与企业管理学方法的基本差异和融合趋势。针对当前“创造财富的机制”发生革命性变化的时代变革．提出了企业管理现实对企业管理学和经济学结合发出挑战的重大问题。