试论电子商务对财务会计的要求

就电子商务发展对会计的要求进行探讨，力图从会计目标的确定、会计主体的确定、会计职能的转变、财务会计信息的披露以及对会计人员的要求等几方面说明财务会计的发展必须适应电子商务发展的要求。     

企业环境会计信息披露的理论基础

目前随着我国经济的持续快速发展,环境与发展的矛盾越来越突出.解决我国的环境问题,仅依靠国家环保局的警告处罚是不够的,还需要改变传统会计模式,让大部分引进环境会计,进行环境会计信息披露.文章主要从企业环境会计信息披露的目标、主体、内容三方面讨论企业环境会计信息披露的理论基础.     

论产权视角下的政府会计制度变迁

本文从产权角度出发,研究我国政府会计制度的变迁。以产权关系为研究起点,通过对政府会计主体以及相关利益人进行深入探究,进而找到我国政府会计制度在产权角度下发展的良好模式。     

论会计的经济效应

经济的发展决定了会计的变迁,会计的产生和发展也会影响和促进经济的增长,这种影响和促进作用就是会计的经济效应。本文系统说明了经济发展对会计产生和变迁的决定作用,在此基础上进一步论述了会计对经济的影响和促进的七大效应:政策工具效应、资源配置效应、交易费用效应、分工效应、治理效应、理性人效应和风险防范效应。为了更好地发挥会计的经济效应,提出了会计改革的五大方向:强化会计语言的通用性、确保会计信息的真实性、提高会计信息的可理解性、扩大会计信息的公开披露程度和根据不同的用途设立不同的会计制度。     

固定资产在企业会计准则与政府会计准则中的比较分析

财政部分别于2016年、2017年颁布了《政府会计准则第3号——固定资产》及其应用指南,以规范指导政府会计主体固定资产的会计核算和披露。而早在2006年,国家颁布施行《企业会计准则第4号——固定资产》及其应用指南,二者间存在共同之处,但也存在较大的差异。本文从二者对固定资产的定义、确认条件、初始计量、后续计量、披露几个方面进行比较分析,阐述其异同,借鉴固定资产在企业会计主体中会计核算的做法,为政府会计主体中固定资产的会计核算提供参考。     

管理会计研究范式的转变

我国现行管理会计主要有计量结构、新古典经济学、行为科学及经验实证等研究方法类型,其中以自然科学为特征的是"功能至上"的研究范式.通过科学定位管理会计的研究路径,结合管理会计方法的变迁可以进一步发展为功能至上、解释的路径、结构关联性理论、主体与结构的综合理论及激进的理论等五种范式.     

谈知识经济下的会计信息披露

一定时期的会计模式的发展是以一定时期的会计环境为前提的，新的经济环境要求会计理论和实践的不断创新，知识经济是未来经济发展的新经济形态。在知识经济环境下，传统会计在学科发展、理论体系、组织结构、信息披露等方面都会发生大的变化。本文在审视传统理论与方法的基础上，拟对会计信息披露的发展就以下六个方面作一分析。     

制度变迁内部动力机制分析

人们对需要和利益的追求是生产力发展和制度变迁的内在主体动因,生产力的发展是制度变迁社会进步的最终动力,只有以发展生产力为切入点才能从根本上推动制度变迁的进程。因此,制度变迁和具体制度安排的调整要以满足人们的需要为出发点,以尊重每个人切身利益为主要手段,才能充分调动制度变迁主体的积极性和内在动力。     

浅谈我国银行业会计标准体系建设

会计标准是指各种关于会计信息生产与披露的规范安排。改革开放至今,我国基本形成了以《中华人民共和国会计法》为主体的比较完整的会计标准体系。这个体系大致可以分为三个层次：第一个层次是由全国人大批准于1985年制定、1999年修订的《中华人民共和国会计法》,是统领整个会计业的基本法,它适用于包括银行业在内的所有经济领域;     

上海自贸区提高会计自由度之探索

我国会计管制以《会计法》为主体、财政部门为主导,行政管制较强,管制面宽泛,存在管制过度、成本过大现象。文章建议自贸区以产权保护为基础,在暂停执行统一会计年度、允许选用境外准则、简化中小微型企业会计披露、强化企业对投资者会计信息责任、暂停或简化会计从业资格制度和代理记账许可制度、调整会计管制部门分工等六个方面探索管制改革。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.