美国推进新能源发展的财政支出政策研究

随着全球气候变暖以及极端气候天气的频发,低碳经济越来越受到世界各国的关注.新能源可谓是发展低碳经济的重要突破口.近些年,美国也开始越发重视新能源的开发和利用.奥巴马总统在其第一任期内矢志不渝地将清洁能源、环境保护作为执政要务,力推气候变化的应对之策,限制碳排.而奥巴马的连任也被视为清洁能源的胜利.文章首先讨论美国近些年新能源的政策演进,在此基础上探讨美国新能源的财政支出状况和趋势,并对2013年的财政预算加以阐释,以此为我国新能源的发展提供启示与借鉴.     

Fiscal Autonomy and Total Government Expenditure: An Austrian Case-study

The ongoing debate on the efficiency of a federal system versus a centralized system has lead to a diverse and unclear empirical picture of the effects of fiscal decentralization on public sector growth. For analyzing these effects it is crucial to consider the sub-national decision power on taxing and spending. In the current paper, we test for the effects of fiscal autonomy on total government expenditure using time series from 1955 to 2007 for Austria. Determinants of government expenditure are economic growth, fiscal illusion of policy makers, and the unemployment rate. We additionally account for different degrees of sub-national fiscal autonomy. Our econometric results suggest that the often-hypothesized dampening effects of fiscal autonomy cannot be corroborated for the Austrian system.     

Populism and Fiscal Illusion

There is a widespread concern that anti‐elitist or populist opinion is on the rise. The policy concern is that political opportunists would exploit voter rational ignorance for their own cynical purposes. In this article I demonstrate that, in the field of taxation, this sort of behaviour already occurs. Fiscal illusion can be described as deceiving taxpayer‐voters into paying more tax than they would otherwise agree to. Taxpayers are already victims of political opportunism unrelated to the rise of populism.     

财政分权对政府支出乘数的影响:促进还是抑制

本文运用1994-2015年省级面板数据从时间及区域差异性两个层面出发,基于平滑转移面板向量自回归(PSTVAR)模型考察了财政分权对政府支出乘数的影响,实证结果表明,1994-2007年期间东、中、西部地区财政分权对短期及长期政府支出乘数均为显著的促进作用;2008-2015年期间,财政分权对东部地区短期、长期政府支出乘数及西部地区长期政府支出乘数均表现为抑制作用,虽然对中部地区短期、长期政府支出乘数及西部地区长期政府支出乘数仍然为促进作用,但是相比1994-2007年期间,2008-2015年期间的促进效果变弱。     

美国重塑政府理论产生的社会背景和主要内容

美国的重塑政府理论产生于８０年代的社会危机——财政危机和国民对政府的信心危机的“双重透支”。美国重塑政府的目标是:改变旧的政府管理体制,按照全球化竞争、技术革命的新社会环境和社会进步的要求建立政府管理新体制。新的政府管理体制应使政府少花钱,多办事,不但减少赤字,而且满足人民群众的要求,同时具备体制更新的能力。     

Cyclical Multiplier and Zero Low Bound Effects of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth: Evidence for Greece

This study explores the impact of government expenditure multipliers on economic growth utilising an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. We provide evidence on the short‐term dynamics as well as the long‐run expenditure multiplier effects on economic growth for the Greek economy over the period 1960–2014. We find that the size of the multiplier does not differ substantially over the phases of the business cycle. Our results also indicate that irrespective of the scale of inflation, government expenditure positively affects economic growth, whilst inconclusive evidence is obtained in the case of exceptionally low interest rates.     

加大政府公共财政支持力度重构农村合作医疗保险制度

全面建设小康社会,农村是重点、难点,农村医疗卫生建设更是重中之重。农村合作医疗保险制度是解决农村医疗卫生问题的必然选择。本文认为政府加大农村卫生投入是解决目前农村基本医疗保障的主要出路。     

财政支出竞争、城投债发行与城市经济增长——基于财政支出压力视角

本文使用2008～2016年中国286个地级市的面板数据,运用面板分位数模型实证分析了财政支出竞争对城市经济增长的影响。研究表明:财政支出竞争显著促进了城市经济增长,且这种促进作用在发达地区更为明显;城投债发行是财政支出竞争促进城市经济增长的重要传导渠道;特大城市的财政支出竞争对城市经济增长的促进作用比大城市更加明显;非社会性支出竞争比社会性支出竞争对城市经济增长具有更强的拉动作用;官员变更在财政支出竞争对城市经济增长的影响方面产生了重要的调节效应,其中发生市委书记变更、市委书记和市长同时变更的城市均削弱了财政支出竞争对城市经济增长的促进作用,而发生市长变更的城市则无影响。     

State of the registered nurse workfore in the United States

In this final installment of this exclusive six-part series on the state of the RN workforce in the United States, the authors summarize the major findings of each piece and offer specific and actionable recommendations for nurse leaders, educators, and policymakers.     

税收、财政支出与内生经济增长

构建了基于财政支出、税收的内生经济增长模型,并推导出在给定税收、财政支出政策的变化路径时,经济会达到"竞争性分散均衡",税率与经济增长存在"倒-U"型关系,政府投资性支出与经济增长之间正相关。利用中国省际面板数据进行实证检验显示,在我国经济运行中,总产出、消费、投资、政府投资性支出、税率、利息率、工资水平之间存在长期均衡关系。我国宏观税率为28.63%时达到最优值,政府投资性支出对经济增长率存在正向影响,但不同区域间存在较大差异性。     

中、美政府在物流发展中的作用比较

从20世纪90年代开始,物流受到中国政府的高度重视,尤其是进入21世纪以来,中国政府出台了一系列的政策法规来促进中国物流的发展,对物流产业起到了积极的推动作用。但是,学习和借鉴美国政府在物流发展中的经验可使我们取长补短,实现跨越式发展。     

Government Expenditure in India: Composition and Multipliers

We estimate fiscal multipliers for total, capital (capex), and revenue (revex) Indian government expenditure using a two variable Structural Vector Auto-Regression (SVAR). Our quarterly data allows us to estimate both short- and long-run multipliers. We then extend and re-estimate the model including supply shocks and the monetary policy response sequentially and together and re-estimate the multipliers. The long-run capex multiplier remains much larger than the corresponding revex multiplier in all the estimations. The short run impact multiplier is the highest for revex, but does not rise after the first quarter. The capex peak multiplier in the 2nd quarter is 1.6–1.9 times larger. The cumulative multiplier is also the highest for capex, 2.4–6.5 times the size of the revex multiplier. Capex also reduces inflation more over the long-term. Despite this, capex shows greater volatility since it is more vulnerable to discretionary cuts. Monetary accommodation of capex and revex is allowed to differ. It varies in the absence/presence of supply shocks. The combination of a direct cut in capex and monetary tightening in response to a supply shock reduces the capex multiplier. The results are consistent with an elastic long-run aggregate supply. Disaggregated evaluation of spending policy, therefore, gives useful insights.

     

财政教育支出与经济高质量发展瓶颈——基于地方政府债务的调节效应

当前,中国经济发展进入转型升级攻关期,人力资本在提升经济质量方面发挥着愈加重要的作用.财政教育支出作为人力资本形成的重要支撑力量,其增加却没有带来经济效率的提升,经济高质量发展陷入瓶颈,背后原因值得深入研究.文章通过探究财政教育支出与全要素生产率的内在关系并利用中国2005-2016年284个地级市数据进行实证分析,研究发现,财政教育支出对全要素生产率具有促进作用;而地方政府债务对财政教育支出提升全要素生产率的作用产生了抑制效应;机制检验表明财政教育支出通过人力资本水平影响全要素生产率,而地方债务通过挤出私人投资和挤压地区私人经济规模阻断财政教育支出对全要素生产率的作用途径产生抑制作用;分位数回归结果表明财政教育支出的促进作用和债务的抑制作用在全要素生产率的不同水平下具有异质性.     

美国最新研发经费统计数据及分析

通过给出美国最新研发经费统计数据,介绍美国研发经费在来源和执行部门方面的特点与变化,以及在基础研究、应用研究和产品开发上的分配情况,可以看出：自金融危机之后,美国的研发经费支出基本维持稳定,但是在GDP中的比例略有下降。美国的研发投入仍然受困于经济复苏乏力。     

地方财政支出与区域经济收敛

经济增长的收敛模式在全国范围内没有绝对收敛,也没有条件收敛.三大地区中只有东部地区存在俱乐部收敛现象.地方财政支出总体上没有达到缩小地区经济差距的效果,并且突出表现在中部地区.地方科教文卫支出和社会保障支出比重的提升有利于区域经济收敛,地方行政管理费用则应该压缩.     

Targeting Regional Output with State Government Fiscal Instruments: a Dynamic Multi-regional CGE Analysis

Between 1986/87 and 1998/99, Tasmania's share of national output declined from approximately 2.3 per cent to 1.9 per cent. At least two forecasters have projected that Tasmania's share of national activity will continue to decline over the period 1999/00 to 2003/04, falling to 1.7 per cent of national activity by the end of this period. This paper investigates whether it is within the power of the Tasmanian government to influence materially this forecast outcome by means of a budget neutral tax policy. Two such policy packages are investigated using a dynamic two-region CGE model of the Australian economy (FEDERAL-F). In the first, the question asked is whether there exists a feasible re-arrangement of the Tasmanian government's revenue raising effort which has the effect of maintaining, over the forecast period, Tasmania's share of national GDP at its 1998/99 level. This is found not to be so. Hence, a second and (comparatively) less ambitious policy is then considered. This involves the gradual but complete elimination of payroll tax over the forecast period, and its replacement with a direct tax on households. Even when such a dramatic tax change as this is considered, the impact on the forecast for Tasmania's share of national activity is not large.     

我国财政收入与财政支出关系的实证研究

运用时间序列经济计量技术对1950～2001年我国财政收入和财政支出的关系进行实证研究,发现:(1)我国的财政收支之间不存在Granger因果关系,财政收支之间不存在显著的相互促进效应;(2)我国的财政收支之间具备长期均衡的协整关系和短期动态调整机制;(3)实证结果显示,需要充分重视我国财政收支之间的有机联系,在继续研究如何增加我国财政收入的同时,研究和着手解决我国的财政支出问题,以实现我国财政收支的良性互动.     

财政分权下的地方财政支出与环境污染研究

我国环境风险逐步凸显与加深,单纯依靠经济手段已不足以解决现阶段的环境污染问题。因此,文章从环境污染的制度根源入手,构建了财政分权、财政支出与环境污染的综合分析框架,刻画财政分权对地方政府财政支出模式的选择,进而对环境污染的影响及逻辑机理。最后,以财政分权、财政支出与环境污染的影响机制为基础,针对导致环境污染的影响渠道的各部分,分别提出改善生态环境质量、治理环境污染的政策建议。     

财政分权与地方财政农业支出的动态效应分析

笔者基于我国省际动态面板数据模型,从总量和结构两方面考察了财政分权对地方财政农业支出的影响.研究表明,财政分权并未有效促进我国地方政府预算内财政农业支出的增长.在以经济增长为核心的地方政府官员政绩考核体系中,财政分权对经济性支出的正向影响最为显著,对社会性支出也有正向影响,但对转移性支出影响不明显.