The Menace of Competition and Gambling Deregulation

The present article proposes a typology of the main varieties of uncertainty considered by economists and refines existing concepts. This typology combines three distinctions, between: substantive and procedural uncertainty; weak and strong uncertainty; and ambiguity and fundamental uncertainty. These concepts refer, or fail to refer, to factors such as: a lack of information; complexity; the (im)possibility of building probability distributions that are unique, additive and reliable; structural change; etc. When refining these concepts, the article pays special attention to the conception of social reality underlying each concept. It refers to what each concept may imply about the complexity and changeability of social reality and the limitations and creative potential of the individuals that inhabit this reality, in addition to, in some cases, the roles of institutions and the features of the process of technological change.     

Oligopolistic Competition, Technology Innovation, and Multiproduct Firms

Firms' proliferation behavior in a differentiated product market is studied using an oligopolistic competition model with multiproduct firms. The model has the following characteristics: (1) the elasticity of substitution across firm's own products and the elasticity of substitution across different firms are allowed to differ; (2) the product managers of the same firm behave cooperatively rather than independently; (3) the number of firms is determined by a free-entry condition and so is endogenous. If the elasticity of substitution across the firm's own products increases, it is shown that the firm proliferates less and the number of firms in the market increases. If the elasticity of substitution across different firms increases, firms proliferate more and the number of firms in the market decreases.     

顾客参与对服务企业绩效的影响

顾客不仅作为消费者而且作为合作生产者参与服务过程,从而对服务企业绩效产生重要影响。本文在吸收借鉴现有成果的基础上,提出了“顾客参与影响服务企业绩效的综合模型”,从直接和间接两种途径,探讨了顾客参与对服务企业绩效的影响机制,然后分析了对顾客参与实施有效管理的策略。     

Diversification, the Resource View and Productivity: Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Firms

The present paper presents a test ofthe resource view of diversification which focuses onthe relationship between the directions ofdiversification strategies and a measure of totalfactor productivity. The results are supportive of theresource theory in that firms which pursue verticalintegration strategies and/or operate in a set ofactivities which share similar research anddevelopment and advertising intensities reach higherproductivity levels. After having checked for the directions of diversification, the degree ofdiversification is not significantly related toproductivity. This suggests that the simple inclusionof variables controlling for the extent ofdiversification might not be sufficient in order tostudy the effects resulting from diversification strategies.     

Trade Marks and Performance in Services and Manufacturing Firms: Evidence of Schumpeterian Competition through Innovation

We develop Lancaster's model of consumer behaviour under product differentiation to analyse Schumpeterian creative destruction. Launching new products with novel characteristics enables firms to temporarily steal market share from rivals. Product launch is monitored by using trade marks, patents and research and development. The dataset covers a large sample of UK service and manufacturing firms. We find that stock market value is positively associated with own trade mark activity and trade mark‐active firms achieve significantly higher value‐added. Greater trade mark activity by competitors reduces net output of firms, but raises their stock market value. This is consistent with the Schumpeterian process of competition through innovation.     

Ownership, Control and Performance of Turkish Listed Firms

The paper describes the main characteristics of ownership structure of the Turkish companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. We present information on the pyrimidal and complex ownership structures within business groups, on the main owner classes, and on changes in large shareholdings. Ownership is highly concentrated in Turkey, families being the dominant shareholders. Changes in large shareholdings do not suggest the existence of an active market for share stakes. We also show that concentrated ownership and pyramidal structures have a negative effect on performance as reflected in lower return on assets, market to book ratios and dividend payments. We conclude by discussing some important problems introduced or fostered by the presence of this type of ownership structure.     

Import Competition and Worker Productivity in Unionized Firms

This paper analyzes the effects of trade and labor market liberalization on wages and worker productivity/effort in a domestic unionized firm with firm-union bargaining over wages and effort. It is shown that both types of liberalization will induce a 'cold shower effect' (a rise in effort) if the union's objective function is more heavily weighted towards employment. However, the welfare effects of the two policies can differ markedly. The paper also identifies a separate productivity cost of protection associated with the distortionary effect of protection on worker effort.     

基于BSC原理的服务企业综合绩效评价方法研究

服务企业经营具有高度的开放性,顾客和企业之间存在大量的交互作用,若仅仅从传统的财务指标进行绩效评价有很大的滞后性。本文借助BSC原理,针对服务企业经营的特点,建立一个服务企业综合绩效评价指标体系和模糊综合评价模型,并通过实例介绍其运用。     

产权、竞争、管理与企业绩效

笔者首先分别剖析了产权、竞争及管理与效率的关系机理,然后分析了这三者对企业绩效的影响.结论是:对于企业绩效,单纯的产权改革是不够的,但却是必须的;竞争是必要条件,但不是充分条件;管理是企业取得效率的重要内容,但不能没有合理的产权安排作基础,也不能缺乏有效的市场竞争环境.因而,合理的产权安排、完善的市场竞争结构和有效的管理,三者的综合作用才能使企业取得满意的绩效,缺乏其中任何一个条件都将损害企业的效率.     

银行业的集中、竞争与绩效

各国金融资产配置方式不同 ,银行业的产业组织结构也存在鲜明的差异。与传统的产业组织理论的逻辑推论及其倡导的理想境界可能完全相反 ,由大规模银行组成的相对集中的产业组织结构并不一定导致竞争程度的下降。中国银行业偏高的集中率并不是影响行业竞争程度的原因 ,事实表明 ,中国各银行之间在存贷业务及其他业务上并不缺乏竞争。主要问题在于现有的国有银行经营机制不灵活、效率过低。即使中国银行业大幅度提高了商业化程度 ,银行业的产业组织结构也不宜于过度分散 ,保持相对集中的行业结构 ,可能更有利于提高金融资产的配置效率。     

从银商之争看我国银行卡产业的垄断与竞争

1.国内银行卡产业的商家扣率纠纷 一场来自银商之间的纷争惊动了业界。继沃尔玛为代表的大型零售商对万事达、维萨信用卡组织提起集体诉讼,要求降低商户扣率之后,类似事件也在我国深圳发生。其实,抵制刷卡并非始于深圳。2003年,上海、成都等城市的一些商家就曾因商户扣率摊薄其利润而采取过类似的行动。     

Service Quality,Competition, and Regulatory Policies in the Postal Sector

This paper presents a simple model which illustrates the possible policy- and welfare-implications of endogenous product selection in the postal sector. The cost of a unit of mail depends on its "quality" (e.g., speed of delivery) and on the type and location of the addressee (firms, urban households, and rural households). Senders have inelastic demands and differ in their willingness to pay for quality. Addressees are passive but their utility may affect social welfare. Two operators play a two-stage game, first choosing qualities and then prices. We first show that the equilibrium with two private (profit maximizing) operators results in an inefficient provision of quality. Then, we consider the mixed (Nash) equilibrium with one private and one (welfare maximizing) public operator. If the budget constraint of the public firm is not binding, this equilibrium is shown to be first-best efficient even if social welfare accounts for the utility of addressees. If the budget constraint is binding, the mixed equilibrium is not efficient but yields a higher level of welfare than the private equilibrium. Finally, we study the impact of minimum quality standards within our setting.     

知识型服务业的发展和我们的差距

本文以一组数字说明当前世界经济中服务业的发展，尤其是以专业服务公司为代表的知识型服务业的发展。这类服务业对技术创新有重要促进作用。我国的服务业相对落后，而知识型服务业尚在起步阶段，但发展很快，今后需要特别关注。     

Capital Commitment and Cournot Competition with Labour-managed and Profit-maximising Firms

The behaviour of labour managed and profit seeking firms in a Cournot duopoly with capital strategic interaction is analysed. When a pure labour managed duopoly is considered, firms choose their capital commitments according to the level of the interest rate, unlike what usually happens when only profit maximising firms operate in the market. If we consider a mixed duopoly, the profit maximising firm under-invests while the labour managed firm over-invests regardless of the rental cost of capital     

浮动佣金制度下的券商竞争策略

2002年5月1日,我国证券市场正式实行交易佣金最高上限向下浮动制度(简称浮动佣金制度),至今已经一年有余。一年来,券商群体经历了降低佣金、大面积亏损、佣金联盟等阵痛和探索,依然没有走出单纯依赖佣金水平来进行竞争的策略范式。本文试从产业组织和博弈论的角度,分析当前浮动佣金制度下券商竞争策略的问题与症结,并提出相应的对     

竞争、规制与网络型基础产业绩效

竞争与规制是网络型基础产业治理的两种制度安排,并非是相互孤立,而在很多方面是相互补充的.规制具有竞争效应,竞争也具有规制效应,竞争与规制的有机组合有利于竞争活力和规模经济相兼容,从而达到有效竞争的目的.网络型基础产业规制改革的实质就是通过竞争与规制有效发挥作用的制度安排,提高产业绩效,实现社会福利最大化目标.     

股权多元化、公司业绩与行业竞争性

以相对净资产收益率和主营业务利润率为被解释变量 ,以股权构成为解释变量 ,本文系统考察了股权结构对上市公司业绩的影响。在对行业、公司规模和宏观经济条件等因素加以控制后 ,使用来自电子电器、商业和公用事业三个行业上市公司的数据 ,我们的回归分析和假设检验表明法人股和流通股对企业业绩有正面影响、国有股有负面影响的预期只在竞争性较强的电子电器行业成立 ,在竞争性相对较弱的其他两个行业则不成立。这一研究发现的政策含义在于 ,为了使通过上市实现国有企业股权结构多元化的政策发挥所期望的作用 ,首先应尽量提高行业的竞争性。     

竞争战略、资本结构与企业业绩

文章认为,对于竞争性行业和垄断性行业的资本结构与企业业绩的相关性,可以尝试从不同的理论出发点来解释,对于竞争性行业而言,其保守的财务政策(低负债率)可能是基于行业竞争程度、资本市场条件以及企业竞争战略的理性商业选择,不一定是以往学者从代理问题出发得出的股权融资偏好。我国监管机构基于抑制股权融资偏好行为而制定的一系列股权融资约束似乎并未考虑到行业竞争程度的不同,这种资本市场的配置低效率使得我国上市公司面临着过度监管和监管不足并存的现象。     

服务贸易竞争力定量分析及竞争力提升对策

本文通过显性比较优势指数,竞争优势指数对我国服务贸易竞争力从总体和分行业进行定量分析,科学描述我国服务贸易当前的国际竞争力,进而运用Spss11.0软件对影响我国服务贸易竞争力的因素进行相关性分析,基于以上结论,根据迈克尔.波特的竞争优势理论,提出促进服务贸易出口能力,提高服务贸易整体竞争力的对策。     

中国证券商的业务竞争与创新发展势态

本文分析了开放条件下我国证券业经营竞争环境的变化，并从6个方面分析了中国证券商业务创新的发展势态。（1）证券业分类管理制度使证券商的经营规模发生变化；（2）证券发行与承销方式的改革深化了证券业内的服务竞争；（3）证券网络化交易的快速发展完善了交易清算的服务管理模式；（4）交易佣金制度的改革将使证券业的结构调整得到不断优化；（5）投资基金业务与投资组合的多样化对基金经理行为的监管提出了新的要求；（6）中国放宽市场准入条件的同时必须完善制度创新与管理创新。