美国社区再投资法对我国高校学生贷款的启示

为了鼓励金融机构满足社区弱势群体的信贷资金需求,利用金融资源服务于区域经济与社会发展,美国制定并实施了社区再投资法,此举明显改善弱势群体融资困难的状况.目前,我国高校学生贷款的可持续发展面临着不同程度的"信贷歧视",美国社区再投资法对于解决此问题提供了很好的启示作用.     

美国《社区再投资法案》对增强我国信贷政策有效性的启示

美国《社区再投资法案》自1977年颁布以来,在消除信贷歧视、满足中低收入社区和中低收入居民信贷需求、解决金融机构"第一行动人"问题等方面发挥了积极的作用。我国信贷政策在支持民营经济、中小企业、困难家庭、下岗失业人员等薄弱经济环节方面不断加强"窗口指导",但实际效果仍不明显。通过比较美国《社区再投资法案》,我国要提高信贷政策有效性,需要从建立健全金融机构执行信贷政策的检查评估机制和激励约束机制着眼。     

美国《社区再投资法》与我国农村金融发展

《社区再投资法》致力于消除银行金融机构歧视性信贷行为,虽然引发了一些争议,但是大量的研究表明,其在不降低银行运行效率的同时促进了银行对中低收入阶层的贷款。回顾其实施历程以及运行效果,结合当前我国农村金融改革发展的现状,可以为制定我国农村金融发展的政策提供思路,从而改变当前农村金融供给不足的现状。     

美国金融监管改革法案的实施效果及对我国的启示

美国金融监管改革法案于2010年7月21日正式签署实施,新法案致力于保护消费者,解决金融业系统性风险等,被认为是＂大萧条＂以来最严厉的金融改革法案。本文从消费者保护、系统性风险防范、处置机制等多方面综述了新法案的主要内容,并指出美国金融监管改革法案的出台对美国国内金融机构和国际监管改革的重大影响,文章最后分析了新法案预示的国际金融监管改革趋势给我国金融监管带来的启示。     

美国《社区再投资法》三十年变革的争论及启示

美国<社区再投资法>颁布实施30年来,随着社会经济条件的变化,经过了七次重大修改,为金融市场的健康发展做出了重大贡献.尽管有很多研究一直为CRA摇旗呐喊,但仍有很多批评者认为CRA扭曲了信贷市场,特别是在面对当前的次贷风暴时,<社区再投资法>又一次成为了经济学界争论的焦点.美国目前对<社区再投资法>下一步修改继续进行着广泛的讨论.结合中国实际,在中国工业化和城市化的大背景、大趋势下认识县域金融机构的信贷投放问题、中小企业融资困难的问题、以及金融服务三农的问题,有选择地借鉴CRA的经验、教训,改善县域、中小企业、三农的金融服务.     

美国社区再投资立法进展及启示

问题的提出在现代社会,金融服务已经成为社会成员生活中不可或缺的一部分,家庭生活的维系和社会生产活动的进行离不开金融服务这一必需品。但对于社会低收入群体来说,获得金融服务的便利程度却远逊于社会富裕阶层。商业银行拒绝为低收入群体提供金融服务是其追求利润最大化的市场竞争结果。但是,商业银行作为资源垄断性的金融企业必须在谋求投资者利益最大化的     

美国个人所得税制度的经验及对我国的启示

在发达国家,个人所得税在调节收入分配和筹集财政资金上发挥着举足轻重的作用。而现阶段我国个人所得税在税收收入中占的比重很小,随着经济的发展,个人所得税的作用会越来越强。因此,借鉴发达国家的个人所得税制度设计的经验对完善我国的个人所得税制度具有较强的现实意义。     

澳元国际化历程、效应及对我国的启示

随着我国经济的崛起以及国际化进程的不断加快,人民币的国际化已成为一种趋势。本文通过对澳元国际化进程的梳理,总结分析澳元国际化历程、对澳大利亚经济的影响,进而提出澳元国际化对人民币国际化的启示。     

美国社区银行的经营特点及对我国的启示

美国社区银行的发展始于1 9世纪,至今已经有100多年的历史.在这一个多世纪里,社区银行以其独特的经营方式存续并发展壮大,在美国银行体系占据了着重要的地位,为美国经济的发展做出重要的贡献.在2008年金融危机之后,社区银行为美国经济的复苏中的表现堪称惊艳,在很多大型银行都受到冲击甚至出现危机时,社区银行却表现出了强劲的实力.美国社区银行的成功经验对当前我国正在尝试的金融体制改革有着非常重要的借鉴意义.本文重点分析了美国社区银行及其经营特点,并总结了其对我国的启示.     

美国《外国投资安全法》对我国金融机构的影响及启示

本文旨在介绍美国《外国投资安全法》的出台背景和主要内容的基础上,重点分析了该法案对中资金融机构进入美国金融市场的影响。因此,我国应积极借鉴该法案,建立外国投资审查机制或国家安全审查制度等,以建立健全相关的法律法规体系,为维护我国金融业安全健康发展保驾护航。     

美国《21世纪支票清算法案》及其对我国的借鉴意义

传统的支票在带给人们方便的同时也产生了许多问题。而且随着网络银行的发展,传统支票作为重要支付工具的地位也受到挑战。将于2004年10月28日生效的美国《21世纪支票清算法案》适应了金融电子化的发展,将会对支票的交换和票据的清算产生深远的影响。中国的银行业应在加快现代化支付系统建设的同时,借鉴该法案的有关规定和做法。     

The Community Reinvestment Act and Targeted Mortgage Lending

We analyze residential mortgage lending by banks in periods surrounding upgrades or downgrades in their ratings under the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). Empirical results indicate that upgraded banks had higher relative levels of lending than did downgraded banks prior to ratings changes. Additionally, both downgraded and upgraded banks increased lending following implementation of reforms to the CRA in the 1990s, which were intended to more closely align rating assessment with lending outcomes. Little support is provided, on the other hand, for a hypothesis that banks respond to downgrades by increasing lending (despite apparent incentives for them to do so).     

Mortgage Lending,Default, and the Community Reinvestment Act

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) encourages banks to lend to low- and moderate-income individuals. This paper estimates the effect of the CRA on mortgage lending, exploiting variation in the set of banks whose lending performance is assessed in a given neighborhood due to redefinitions of Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 2003. Incorporating a typical tract into one additional banks' assessment area increased mortgage lending there by approximately 2%. Lending to low-income borrowers was particularly affected. While income-conditional default risk was little changed, CRA-induced loans were riskier than average, due to their borrowers' lower incomes.     

The valuation effects of the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act and its enforcement

We examine the wealth effects of the passage of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977 for commercial banks and savings and loan associations. we find significantly negative average excess returns for small NYSE/AMEX banks and S&Ls to certain events concerned with the passage of the CRA; in contrast, there is no evidence that large NYSE/AMEX institutions or NASDAQ institutions experience wealth losses. We also study the effects of individual CRA protests against institutions and find they produce significantly negative excess returns which are not reversed when the protests are resolved. Our results have implications for proposed changes to CRA and for the future consolidation of the financial services industry. The results also demonstrate the difficulties associated with studying returns from the early years of the NASDAQ market.     

Is the Community Reinvestment Act in Need of Further Reform? Evidence from Equity Markets during the 1995 Reform Process

In May 1995 the Federal Banking Agencies adopted major reforms to the implementation of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) to make the examination process more objective and performance-based, promote consistency, and reduce regulatory burden. This study presents tests of excess stock returns around key events in the reform process and examines whether the patterns of returns were affected by financial institution type and size. While we find that portfolios of banks and thrifts recorded statistically significant excess returns for certain events, the cumulative response was mostly statistically insignificant. A policy implication of our findings is that the potential for further improvement in the administration of CRA requirements still existed following the 1995 reform efforts.     

Proposals to Establish a Partnership Bankruptcy Regime in China: With Lessons from the UK and USA

Following in the steps of the USA and UK, China introduced partnerships with limited liability in 2006, the same year that a market‐oriented bankruptcy statute was enacted. Although the bankruptcy statute enshrines basic elements of modern bankruptcy law, it fails to stipulate specific rules for partnership bankruptcy. As partnership with limited liability acquires increasing importance, especially limited partnerships as a popular form of private equity firms, a partnership bankruptcy regime becomes indispensable. This article considers the experience of the UK and USA in order to make proposals to establish a partnership bankruptcy regime in China. Although partnership bankruptcy law can be formulated by analogy to corporate bankruptcy law, special considerations must be given to the characteristics of partnership such as unlimited liability and lack of separation of management from ownership. Further, as partnership bankruptcy may lead to partner bankruptcy and vice versa, conflicts between partnership creditors and partners' personal creditors must also be considered. Copyright © 2014 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

回顾与评介——AICPA关于财务会计概念的研究

财务会计与报告的概念框架项目是在1976年由美国会计准则委员会开始的,但此前15年,其前任美国注册会计师协会曾进行了数次的尝试,包括ARS No1、No3,APB Statements No4、Trueblood报告等。美国注册会计师协会的努力既有成功经验,也有失败的教训,可供美国会计准则委员会及各国会计准则制定机构参考。