中国大学生生态旅游者的生态意识调查分析研究--以云南大学为例

生态旅游者作为生态旅游活动的主体，其生态意识至关重要。本文以云南大学为例，对当代中国大学生潜在生态旅游者的生态意识进行了调查，并通过与国内外生态旅游者的生态意识调查结果进行对比研究，总结出中国大学生潜在生态旅游者生态意识的特点和规律。     

国内外生态旅游者行为与态度特征的比较研究——以北京市百花山自然保护区为例

国外很早就开始对生态旅游者的研究予以关注,而国内相关的实证研究较缺乏.伴随生态旅游在我国的日益普及,介绍国外相关研究结论,对比国内外生态旅游者的行为与态度特征差异,将有助于探索适合我国生态旅游发展的道路与模式.以北京市百花山自然保护区为例,在明确区分生态旅游者和一般游客的基础上,从人口统计、动机、环境态度等方面探讨了中外生态旅游者的特征差异,并针对性地提出若干管理建议.     

国内生态旅游者的生态意识调查研究--以香格里拉碧塔海生态旅游景区为例

生态旅游者与大众旅游者最大的区别在于生态旅游者具有一定的生态意识。本文以严格的和一般的生态旅游者系统理论为基础，对碧塔海生态旅游景区的国内生态旅游者的生态意识进行了调查研究，并总结了碧塔海生态旅游者的特点和培养对策。     

旅游者安全行为：研究源起与国内近十年研究述评

旅游者安全行为研究已成为旅游安全研究的重要领域。文章阐述了旅游者安全行为研究的理论源起,并以2001～2011年的文献为基础,对国内旅游者安全行为的研究进行了系统的梳理,从概念界定、表现特征、影响因素、安全行为管理、不同视角下的安全行为研究等方面阐述了国内旅游者安全行为的研究进展。研究归纳了国内旅游者安全行为研究表现出的理论结构,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

旅游者时间约束和空间行为特征的景区旅游线路设计方法研究

以人为本的旅游线路设计要充分考虑旅游者的旅行时间限制和空间行为特征,这有别于传统的至上而下、依据专家经验判断的旅游路线设计方法,逐渐引起旅游学者的重视.文章提出考虑旅游者时间约束和空间行为特征的旅游线路设计方法,首先考虑旅游者的旅行时间约束,然后基于GPS数据和社会网络模型分析旅游者对景点的选择特征,再利用GIS分析最优路径,综合构建了一种新的旅游线路设计方法.以厦门市鼓浪屿为例,对263个旅游者GPS轨迹及其94个选择景点进行了分析,提出了不同入口上岛旅游者在半天和一天的符合行为特征的旅游线路设计方案.结果表明,设计的旅游线路是对传统功能型旅游线路的有益补充,且符合路网空间形态和旅游流的空间分布特征;提出的框架具有可扩展性,对个性化的旅游线路设计也适用;研究的技术方法能够对认清旅游者行为规律、优化旅游景点开发、提升旅游者导航服务等具有较好技术支撑.     

境外旅游者环境责任行为研究进展及启示

随着旅游业的发展壮大,其对旅游地社会、经济、环境的影响日益突出.旅游者采取环境责任行为与否直接关系到旅游地可持续发展,因而旅游者环境责任行为成为当前旅游学界研究热点和前沿.文章对境外有关旅游者环境责任行为的相关文献进行了系统梳理,发现现有相关研究主要探讨了旅游者环境责任行为的概念、维度结构、影响因素及形成机理等.在此基础上,文章对境外该领域的研究进行了相应评析,并展望未来可能的研究方向.特别是基于中国传统文化和哲学思想,引入具有典型中国文化元素的变量到旅游者环境行为研究中,以形成具有中国文化特色的旅游者环境责任行为理论体系,指导我国旅游业发展实践.     

老年旅游者的出游行为决策研究--以江西省老年旅游市场为例

老年旅游市场是一个具有极大潜力的市场，其开发具有重要的社会意义。文章采用2000年7月江西省旅游市场调查的数据，逐一对老年旅游者的客源地结构与特征、人口学特征(性别、年龄、职业、月收入、文化)、行为决策(旅游目的、信息来源、出游喜好、旅游方式)等进行了分析，从而得出了老年旅游者出游行为的一般规律。     

基于游客涉入的入境旅游者分类研究——以桂林、阳朔入境旅游者为例

涉入是消费行为最重要的决定因素之一,文章基于游客涉入对桂林、阳朔入境旅游者进行聚类分析,并比较不同类型旅游者的特征和态度差异。聚类分析将入境旅游者分为4种类型：中等涉入型、低涉入型、高涉入型和低风险可能型。这些类型旅游者在大多数社会人口统计特征和旅行行为特征上无显著差异,但在所属文化群体、信息来源数量、主客交往偏好、目的地整体形象和满意度上存在显著差异。     

感知购物环境对旅游者购物行为的影响机制研究——旅游者购物情绪的媒介作用

在相关研究的基础上,本文运用结构方程建模方法建立了感知购物环境对旅游者购物行为的全影响和间接影响模型,通过对两个模型的对比分析,发现了感知购物环境影响旅游者购物行为的路径机制,即感知购物环境对旅游者购物行为的影响是通过改变旅游者的购物情绪而实现的,旅游者购物情绪在环境→情绪→行为这一路径中起到非常重要的媒介作用。最后,本文提出了管理建议。     

基于旅游者偏好和知觉风险的旅游者决策模型分析

市场营销管理者对购买者决策过程的了解直接影响着营销工作的开展.本文将基于旅游者偏好和知觉风险对旅游者购买行为决策进行探讨,在构建旅游者决策模型的基础上对旅游者偏好和知觉风险进行分析,以期打开旅游者决策过程中的黑箱,为旅游产品的营销管理者提供建设性意见.     

国内外观鸟旅游研究综述

观鸟旅游是生态旅游最重要的表现形式.观鸟旅游的经济、社会、环境效益得到了学术界的关注,尤其是美国已将其列入全国休闲产业调查的对象.本文通过介绍观鸟旅游概念、涉及的学科理论、研究方法和成功的案例,以及与环境保护关系,解析中国观鸟旅游者行为研究现状,为中国观鸟旅游相关利益者例如旅游管理部门、当地社区、旅行社和旅游者提供有益的建议.     

Toward an ecological civilization: Mass comprehensive ecotourism indications among domestic visitors to a Chinese wetland protected area

Large-scale park-visitor symbiosis remains an aspiration despite the need for new models to address the challenges of managing contemporary protected area systems. A survey of 1050 visitors to the Red Beach National Scenic Corridor in Northeast China, however, indicates a latent potential, with 36.0% qualifying as “enthused ecotourists” and 32.4% as “ecotourists” based on claimed adherence to basic ecotourism characteristics. Another 17.2% are “hands-on greens” also amenable to participation in on-site park enhancement activities but neutral about nature learning. “Ambivalents” account for the remaining 14.4% of the sample. High overall proclivity to participate, report misbehavior, and behave in a more environmentally responsible manner as a result of their Red Beach visit constitutes a basis for mass comprehensive ecotourism that can achieve park-visitor symbiosis and contribute significantly to the creation of an ecological civilization, as long as attendant strategies incorporate distinctive Chinese tendencies in ecotourism and outdoor recreation.     

Ecotourism and the Conservation Ethic: Recruiting the Uninitiated or Preaching to the Converted?

Ecotourism is being promoted as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism, although critics suggest that it may be just as damaging because it encourages increased use of natural areas. One of ecotourism's claimed benefits is the promotion of pro-environment attitudes and behaviours. However, this may not occur if ecotourists are already 'converted' to the pro-environment cause. To test this claim, a study was undertaken of ecotourists visiting Lamington National Park in southeast Queensland. A pre-/post-visit questionnaire survey was conducted on-site, as well as a follow-up mail-out survey four months later. This paper presents results of that study in terms of four ecotourist groups. Results indicate that ecotourism can increase environmental knowledge and influence conservation views and behaviours. Of the four groups, coach day tour visitors were the least pro-environment initially but had relatively strong ecotourist motivations. They achieved the highest gains in knowledge and in the short term were influenced the most by the visit. In the long term, respondents who were the most pro-environment and who had learnt most during their visit were influenced the most. Therefore, for immediate effects of the experience on the uninitiated to endure, motivations need to be stimulated to encourage further involvement in and learning about nature. The question remains as to whether encouraging such involvement will have net benefits for the environment.     

Motivational and Behavioral Profiling of Visitors to Forest-based Recreational Destinations in Sri Lanka

The tourism industry plays a key role in regional and destination development. As negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts of mass tourism become more common, the appeal of alternative forms of tourism, especially ecotourism, continues to increase. With rising demand, ecotourism operators are facing the task of meeting expectations of diverse consumers of ecotourism products. Accordingly, the need to define and distinguish ecotourists from other types of tourists has become important. The importance of using a behavioral approach to distinguish ecotourists from other types of tourists is emphasized by tourism scholars. This study developed distinct motivational and behavioral profiles of visitors to forest-based ecotourism sites in Sri Lanka. Results identified four different types of tourists based on their behavioral and motivational characteristics: ecotourists, picnickers, egoistic tourists, and adventure tourists. Broad implications of visitor profiling are also discussed. This approach can help ecotourism operators to better tailor marketing strategies and increase visitor satisfaction.     

Accurately Identifying and Comparing Sustainable Tourists,Nature-Based Tourists,and Ecotourists on the Basis of Their Environmental Concerns

The current study, using a confirmatory factor analysis, developed a multi-item scale consisting of 3 dimensions that exhibited necessary reliability and validity. Based on this Nature-Based, Eco- and Sustainable Tourists (NES)-scale, and by utilizing a cluster analysis, the study identifies 4 distinct segments among a sample of the Norwegian population: nature-based tourists, ecotourists, sustainable tourists, and mass tourists. The analysis shows that while the ecotourists make up the largest segment, the mass tourists represent the smallest segment. Using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the resulting 4 segments are later compared on the basis of their environmental concerns. The findings suggest that the ecotourists are the most environmentally concerned whereas the mass tourists are the least environmentally concerned. Finally, based upon the overall findings of the study, a new inductive model is developed. This model highlights the interaction between different types of alternative tourists and mass tourists, by showing, inter alia, that nature-based tourism has over the years become a form of mass tourism. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are also discussed.     

Self-identification of ecotourists

Although ecotourism has frequently been examined in the literature, a consensus has not yet been reached globally as to what constitutes ecotourism. This paper suggests an alternative to the continuing debates among tourism researchers regarding their own views on what ecotourism should be and on who ecotourists are. Instead, this paper contends that tourists’ own self-interpretations of ecotourism and self-identification of ecotourists may be a more meaningful and practical way forward. This study examines the ecotourism market for West Virginia by applying this self-identification approach. The results indicate that 39.4% of respondents knew about the term “ecotourism”, and that 22.2% or 12.0 million of the state's visitors in 2008 were ecotourists. By comparison to non-ecotourists, these self-identified ecotourists were found to be more environmentally concerned and responsible, more dedicated to nature, more supportive of tourism accreditation programs, and more likely to patronize businesses with good environmental practices, even at a higher cost. This has significant implications for sustainable tourism development in the state as these findings can help to convince tourism operators who may see the potential benefits through being involved in a certification program proposed by West Virginia Department of Protection. Research limitations and future research needs are discussed.     

Profiling Taiwanese Ecotourists Using a Self-definition Approach

Numerous studies have profiled ecotourists but these have been done mainly in the context of North American ecotourists. This study provides one of the few examinations of the rapidly developing Asian ecotourism market in the context of domestic visitation to Taiwan's Taroko National Park. The study uses an innovative self-defined approach to defining an ecotourist. Findings include demographic results, benefits sought, travel motivation, and activities. Comparisons between Taiwanese and North American ecotourists are also made.     

Ecotourists' Perception of Ecotourism Experience in Lower Kinabatangan,Sabah, Malaysia

This paper presents the empirical findings of an exploratory qualitative study which looks at ecotourists' perceptions of ecotourism experiences in Sabah, Malaysia in order to identify the expressive dimensions that describe the quality of their experience. In-depth interviews were conducted with European ecotourists who stayed at two ecolodges in Sukau. Positive and negative experiences were identified from an analysis of the expressive dimensions of their service experience. The findings show that the ecotourists' experience is multidimensional. Respondents place particular emphasis on the ecotourism activities in which they physically engage at the sites and the natural environment in which they are located; their interaction with the site service staff; socialisation with other ecotourists, and the information acquired during the visit. The six expressive dimensions describing the positive experience are consistent with previous research. The study explores understanding of ecotourists' experience in the ecotourism environment – an under-researched area. The paper points out that the evaluation of quality of experience appears to involve both attributes – functional elements that are provided by the service suppliers and affective/emotional elements that are brought about by the ecotourists themselves.