欧美国家食品包装安全体系及管理机构的特点

欧美发达国家食品包装安全管理各具特色，但也有一些共同点。法国是欧盟第一农业大国，农产品产量约占欧盟总产量1／3。美国是美洲农业大国．是农产品及食品输出的主要国家。欧美发达国家柯建的食品包装安全监控系统有以下特点：     

The Effect of Unionism on Accidents in U.S. Coal Mining, 1897–1929

This study estimates the effect of unionism on accident fatalities using two data sets on early twentieth-century coal mining—a state-level data set and a mine-level data set. In both data sets, unionism is estimated to have reduced fatalities by about 40 percent. The union effect persists after controlling for state safety regulations, apparently supporting union president John Mitchell's claim that union miners supported each other in refusing to work in unsafe places.     

欧美食品包装材料法规简介

如何满足国际性客户的要求：安全性．良好的保存功能-抗菌、抗紫外线、透气．良好的物理性能——耐压、耐磨、耐高温.无毒性.环保、可降解.符合当地国家法规.     

Comparing technology education in the U.S. and U.K.

British and American discourses and experiences with respect to technology education are compared. Out of this comparison important issues are identified that have implications for the larger ongoing conversation on technology beyond these countries. They include the role of the state in establishing and validating the subject, the dual claims of technology literacy and technological capability, and dual curricular approaches — content and process.     

Capital Investment and Amortization Policies in the U.S.S.R.

This article deals with the two major problems in depreciation: how to determine actual wear and tear and, thus, life of equipment; and how to treat depreciation and its associated expenses in the accounting records. With regard to the first, the author recognizes that a certain amount of arbitrary action is probably inevitable. Industry in the USSR is evidently bound by its own equivalent of “Bulletin F”, which sets “amortization norms” or depreciation allowances for each class of machinery; and it is found that these often do not correspond to actual operating experience. The machine may be scrapped either before its allocated life span, or survive fully depreciated. This fact is, of course, quite familiar, and the author has no suggestions to offer beyond pointing out the problem. He also questions, for technical reasons, the straight line method which is now generally used. Yet it is almost impossible to justify, on functional grounds, any regulated alternative method, such as declining balance or sum-of-the-years-digits.     

Winning in the U.S.Activewear Market

A revolution in the U.S. activewear marker is being driven by the convergence of several consumer and retail trends.According to Cotton ncorporated＇s 2014 Sports Apparel Survey,more than nine in ten consumers say they wear athletic wear for activities other than exercise.ncreased consumer demand has prompted U.S athletic apparel sales o grow at double the rate of non-active apparel sales for several years.Strong sales growth has convinced mass merchants,fast-fashion etailers,and luxury brands to enter or increase offerings in this S33billion dollar morket previously dominated by o smaller cadre ofoutdoor and sports apparel retailers and brands     

Unions and the U.S. Comparative Advantage

Analysis of data covering 134, three-digit (SIC) manufacturing industries from the mid-sixties to the mid-eighties undermines the claim that unions are responsible for altering the composition of U.S. trade flows. Heavily unionized industries are not found to have lost any more to imports nor gained any more in exports than comparable U.S. industries. On the other hand, industrial concentration appears to be a significant disadvantage.     

U.S. Multinational Activity Abroad and U.S. Jobs: Substitutes or Complements?

Critics of globalization claim that firms are being driven by the prospects of cheaper labor and lower labor standards to shift employment abroad. Yet the evidence, beyond anecdotes, is slim. This paper reports stylized facts on the activities of U.S. multinationals at home and abroad for the years 1977 to 1999. We focus on firms in manufacturing and services, two sectors that have received extensive media attention for supposedly exporting jobs. Using firm‐level data collected by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in Washington, D.C., we report correlations between U.S. multinational employment at home and abroad. Preliminary evidence based on the operations of these multinationals suggests that the sign of the correlation depends on the crucial distinction between affiliates in high‐income and low‐income countries. For affiliates in high‐income countries there is a positive correlation between jobs at home and abroad, suggesting that foreign employment of U.S. multinationals is complementary to domestic employment. For firms that operate in developing countries, employment has been cut in the United States, and affiliate employment has increased. To account for firm size, substitution across firms and entry and exit, we aggregate our data to the industry level. This exercise reveals that the observed “complementarity” between U.S. and foreign jobs has been driven largely by a contraction across all manufacturing sectors. It also reveals that foreign employment in developing countries has substituted for U.S. employment in several highly visible industries, including computers, electronics, and transportation. The fact that there were U.S. jobs lost to foreign affiliates in key sectors, despite broad complementarity in hiring and firing decisions between U.S. parents and their affiliates, helps explain why economists view the impact of globalization on U.S. jobs as benign despite negative news coverage for declining industries.     

中美上市服装企业财务差异

笔者试图从简单分析2004年几家中美服装公司财务年报静态指标的角度描述两国上市服装企业间与品牌战略相关的明显的差异,以期对中国服装企业有一些借鉴作用.更加详尽及复杂的财务报表分析,诸如诸多财务比率分析、现金流量的动态分析、公司理财分析、利用金融衍生物进行风险控制分析,以及有关中国服装企业发展战略研究、中国服装企业赴美上市研究将在以后的系列文章中加以详述.本文将不涉及评判中、美两国资本市场及会计准则的孰优孰劣以及文中提及的公司财务年报的真实性、客观公正性.     

Europe's lessons for the U.S

President-elect Clinton can learn a lot from this continent about health care and how to revitalize cities. But industrial policy is another story.     

List Prices,Sale Prices and Marketing Time: An Application to U.S. Housing Markets

Many goods are marketed after first stating a list price, with the expectation that the eventual sales price will differ. In this article, we first present a simple model of search behavior that includes the seller setting a list price. Holding constant the mean of the buyers’ distribution of potential offers for a good, we assume that the greater the list price, the slower the arrival rate of offers but the greater is the maximal offer. This trade‐off determines the optimal list price, which is set simultaneously with the seller's reservation price. Comparative statics are derived through a set of numerical sensitivity tests, where we show that the greater the variance of the distribution of buyers’ potential offers, the greater is the ratio of the list price to expected sales price. Thus, sellers of atypical goods will tend to set a relatively high list price compared with standard goods. We test this hypothesis using data from the Columbus, Ohio, housing market and find substantial support. We also find empirical support for another hypothesis of the model: atypical dwellings take longer to sell.     

美国纸箱业实施"精益生产"

美国纸箱业认为“精益生产”能实现真正的零库存和快速的市场反应机制.“我不会购买,除非所有的经理主管人员都认为成本在持续上涨,他们不会为新科技而支付钞票,除非该技术能够在增加产量的同时把支出分流出他们的系统.”美国包装公司（PCA）的Martin认为,自从上世纪70年代瓦楞纸板制造机的持续研发以来,机械已经有了很大突破.     

Competition and Service Quality in the U.S. Airline Industry

The U.S. government, media, and flying public have expressedgreat concern in recent years over both airline market concentration and flightdelays. This study explores potential connections between the two by examining whetherthe lack of competition on a particular route results in worse on-time performance.Analysis of data from the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics in 2000 indicatesthat both the prevalence and duration of flight delays are significantly greater onroutes where only one airline provides direct service. Additional competition iscorrelated with better on-time performance. Weather, congestion, and schedulingdecisions also contribute significantly to explaining flight delays.