如何评估高新技术企业业绩

一、高技术企业的业绩评价体系框架 高技术企业绩效评价就是对高技术企业生产经营活动能力、方式、过程和结果的人力资本客观评判,包含两方面内容:一是反映盈利能力的财务指标,二是反映企业成长性和未来发展潜力的智力资本指标.     

论智力资本与企业核心竞争力

在知识经济时代，智力资本在企业中，尤其在知识密集型企业中的重要性越来越受到人们的关注。智力资本是相对于传统的物质资本而言的，是一种潜在的、无形的、动态的、能够带来价值增值的价值，是指能用来创造财富的智力材料，是物质资本与非物质资本的合成。简单地说，它是公司市场价值与账面价值之差。智力资本理论的提出为解释现代企业，尤其是知识型企业知识的创新、传递、利用与保护，企业的核心竞争力的形成，提供了一个新的理论框架，从而对企业管理理论的基石产生重大影响。     

对智力资本会计信息披露的探讨

智力资本是知识经济条件下企业核心竞争力的源泉，也是企业价值的增长点。对于智力资本的理解，可谓是“仁见仁，智见智”。西尼尔(Senior)认为智力资本是指个人所拥有的知识和技能。斯图尔特将智力资本定义为能够被利用于创造财富的知识、信息、知识产权和经验等智力材料的集合。布鲁金则用     

企业智力资本开发的价值转化机理

本文在描述企业智力资本的涵义和形态的基础上，科学地界定了企业智力资本开发的内涵，给出了企业智力资本开发的价值转化模型，并具体分析了企业智力资本开发的价值转化形式。     

资本配置视角的民营企业混合所有制实践--以特锐德为例

每一个企业的资本都是物质资本、智力资本、社会资本的混合体。混合所有制改革的本质是通过改变企业的资本结构来提升企业调配各类资源实现价值创造的能力。混合所有制资本管理的原理既适用于国有企业，也适用于民营企业。与国有企业相比，民营企业在资本管理中社会资本、智力资本投入不足的现象更为普遍。民营企业混合所有制改革的目标更侧重于提升企业社会资本、智力资本的比重，更侧重于提升企业对社会资本的吸附力以及对高级管理人才、专业技术人才智力资本的吸引力。本文以青岛特锐德电气股份有限公司的混合所有制发展模式为例，从资本配置的视角来阐释混合所有制改革在民营企业中的具体实践。     

智力资本对企业价值的杠杆作用研究

在现代资本市场中公司的市场价值，不仅取决其对外披露的财务价值，而且取决于公司对外披露的智力资本信息以及资本市场对这些披露信息的认可程度。本文研究发现，在我国新兴资本市场中，智力资本与企业价值存在正相关关系，但上市公司对外披露的智力资本信息有限，资本市场对企业智力资本的认可程度较低；研究进一步验证智力资本乘数与企业智力资本价值和企业价值均存在正相关关系，信息技术业的智力资本乘数和其他所选行业有显著差别，但大多数公司的智力资本乘数却没有发挥其价值创造杠杆的作用。     

智力资本对中小企业价值影响研究——来自浙江的数据

本文以江浙中小上市公司为样本，研究了智力资本对企业价值的影响。结果显示：在江浙中小企业中，智力资本对企业价值产生重要影响，但还未超过物质资本；人力资本、结构资本与企业价值明显正相关，关系资本与企业价值正相关，但不显著；智力资本的构成维度之间相互影响，共同作用于企业价值创造。     

人力资本、结构资本和关系资本关系探析

随着知识经济时代的到来，一些企业已充分认识到智力资本的重要性，并开始研究智力资本的管理问题。他们认为，一个企业的未来在很大程度上取决于其智力资本是在不断增加还是在不断减少。随着以知识为主要驱动力的知识经济的发展，智力资本以各种形式快速渗透并作用于当代经济、管理、技术、社会等各领域，不仅成为企业创造价值和获得持续竞争优势的重要源泉，而且也是企业未来创新和利润增长的关键所在，对企业价值和国家经济绩效形成巨大促进作用。     

企业智力资本管理“结构化假设”探讨

智力资本管理研究是一个较新的领域,系统的理论尚未成熟定型。现有的智力资本管理研究中存在的“结构化”假设,即企业高效智力资本管理要实现人力资本、关系资本向结构资本转化。这种假设忽视了企业智力资本管理的系统性,导致智力资本的价值转化效率降低。本文探讨了企业不同的战略导向与智力资本管理模式的关系,强调为了提升企业智力资本管理系统绩效,企业必须重视智力资本管理和外部环境的匹配,以及智力资本管理的内部协调。     

企业智力资本价值创造行为研究——兼论智力资本与企业价值的相关性

从智力资本投资和资本累计的视角,对智力资本及其各要素的价值创造行为进行分析,构建企业智力资本价值创造的会计度量模式,并对智力资本与企业价值的相关性进行实证检验,结果显示：智力资本是企业价值创造中的核心要素;企业智力资本的形成是企业长期投资不断累积的结果;以现金流量作为企业价值度量指标可以很好地解释智力资本的价值创造性,在企业价值创造过程中智力资本各要素的作用各不相同。     

人力资本、财务资本与资本结构——基于高新技术上市公司的经验数据

以人力资本特殊性质为切入点,对高新技术企业中人力资本、财务资本及资本结构的关系进行实证分析,研究结果表明：财务资本对人力资本的担保作用大于替代作用,人力资本的投入程度随着财务资本的增加而上升;企业负债水平的变化会影响人力资本的投入程度,企业的负债水平越高,人力资本的投入程度越低。因此,保持合适的财务资本水平可以促进人力资本的高效率投入,而协调好人力资本与资本结构关系可以提高成本效率,甚至缓解代理问题。     

Roles of Public Capital in Pakistan's Economy: Productivity, Investment and Growth Analysis

This study analyzes the role of public capital in Pakistan's economy, tracing the relationship between productivity of public capital and economic growth. We estimate a production function, with public capital as an inputs. The results indicate that the productivity (output elasticity) of aggregate as well as different components of public capital are sufficiently high. We also analyze substitutability and complementarity between public and private capital by estimating investment functions, revealing that public capital has worked as a substitute for private investment. The net effect of public capital on the national economy is analyzed by estimating reduced forms, with the result that public capital has a positive net effect on national product. The growth analysis shows that the contribution of public capital is declining over time.     

Capital,labor, and derived demand for information: Evidence from China

In this paper, information capital is considered as a separate input of production along with noninformation capital and labor. The substitution possibility among information capital, noninformation capital and labor has been estimated by nonlinear iterative algorithm using Chinese data for 1995–2017. The empirical results from the study imply that estimates of Chinese input substitution degree and productivity are underestimated without including information capital as an input separate from noninformation capital. When information capital and labor are combined, the contribution ratio of labor force may increase. Information capital interacts with noninformation capital and labor to promote economic development and production efficiency.     

企业人力资本价值定量研究

受各种因素的影响,目前对人力资本重要性的认识基本还处于定性阶段,这极大地限制了人力资本的开发和利用。本文着重研究人力资本计量问题,在总结人力资本常用计量方法的基础上,提出了人力资本价值计量的一种新方法———改进完全价值法。在设计计量模型时,以产出为基础,充分注意人力资本与非人力资本在创造剩余价值中的共同作用,把人力资本价值的计量模型构思为:人力资本的补偿价值+利润中属于人力资本的部分,并用柯布-道格拉斯函数对利润进行分割,在此基础上考虑员工类型、企业类型、企业投资、员工服务期限等因素,对模型进行设计。     

基于AHP方法的企业家人力资本选择模型研究

企业家人力资本是企业发展的核心推动力,企业家人力资本类型与企业核心能力的构建具有内在的匹配性。企业家人力资本选择的核心在于根据企业家所拥有的知识资本、社会资本和精神资本等因素,选择出合适的企业家类型。本文采用AHP方法作为甄选企业家人力资本的选择方法,使得选择在定量化分析的基础上具有科学性,充分发挥企业家人力资本的作用。     

我国中小企业吸引风险投资的对策研究

相对大型企业,中小企业经营风险较大,难以从银行获得贷款,吸引风险投资入股就成了很重要的融资渠道。本文从企业内部、企业包装、引入风险投资的时机三个方面研究了吸引风险投资的对策,包括企业内部的行业背景、管理者、团队和盈利模式,在项目计划书和项目路演时对企业的合理包装,以及找到风险投资的渠道、吸引风险投资的合适时机和吸引适合企业的风险投资。     

Turning from crime: A dynamic perspective

This paper examines criminal choice using a variant of the human capital model. The innovation of our approach is that it attempts to disaggregate individual capital, not unlike production-based studies which disaggregate physical capital into equipment and structures. We disaggregate an individual’s capital stock into the standard human capital component as well as a utility generating component that we call social capital. In our set-up, social capital is used to account for the influence of social norms on the decision to participate in crime. This is done by modeling the stigma of arrest as a reduction in the individual’s social capital stock. We also allow individuals to account for the impact of their criminal actions on their probability of arrest. In order to estimate the structural parameters underlying the model, we make use of computationally intensive methods involving simulated generalized method of moments and value function approximation. The empirical results, based on panel data from the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort II Study, support the social capital model of crime and reveal significant state dependence in the decision to participate in crime.     

Firm Productivity Moderated Link Between Human Capital and Compensation: The Significance of Task‐Specific Human Capital

The human capital of a firm as manifested by employee knowledge and experience represents a key resource of a firm's capabilities. Prior empirical studies have found that firms composed of high levels of human capital experience superior firm performance. Human capital theory proposes that an individual's general or firm‐specific human capital is positively related to compensation. However, empirical studies examining firm‐specific human capital's association with higher employee compensation have been inconclusive. The current study proposes that firm‐specific human capital be categorized as task‐specific and non‐task‐specific. Employees accumulate task‐specific human capital through duties conducted in their current position. Non‐task‐specific human capital represents experiences gained in prior positions to an employee's current job within the firm. Utilizing human capital data from 38,390 employees representing 76 firms in the IT sector, this study examines the association between forms of human capital and employee compensation at different levels of firm productivity. Results show that task‐specific human capital is associated with higher employee compensation. In addition, firm productivity moderates this association.     

Recent trends in measures to manage capital flows in emerging economies

This paper reviews recent trends in the imposition of capital flow management measures in emerging market economies (EMEs). We find that since the crisis, there has been a shift in the balance of new measures towards net capital inflow reducing measures. However, this is not driven primarily by an increase in inflow tightening measures (e.g. taxes on inflows) relative to pre-crisis periods of inflow surges, but rather by significantly slower inflow liberalization trends (i.e. existing capital controls remaining in place). In addition, there has been a compositional shift in net capital inflow reducing measures: outflow liberalizations were the predominant tools for reducing net capital inflows pre-crisis, but such measures have become less important post-crisis. Overall, the pre-crisis trend towards capital account openness has stalled. The use of capital flow management measures is motivated by macroeconomic as well as financial stability concerns. The IMF recently endorsed use of capital controls as “last resort” measures in macroeconomic management. We also find that by IMF criteria, capital flow measures have not been introduced as a last resort since 2004 – alternative macroeconomic policies to deal with the surge in net capital inflows were available to the majority of countries. Moreover, most capital flow measures introduced by EMEs since 2004 are pure capital controls rather than currency based and/or prudential type measures, suggesting that they were not directly targeted to promote financial stability. However, since the crisis, there has been a small shift towards prudential-type measures.