重庆可持续发展与循环经济的建立

在资源有限的前提下,人类生存环境与经济发展之间存在矛盾,人们必须对资源的分配做出选择和取舍,两者的矛盾在短期似乎不可调和。发展循环经济可以解决经济和环境之间长期存在的矛盾,为经济与环境协调发展提供了新思路。     

Population and Poverty in Africa

This paper sets out the position in Sub-Saharan Africa [SSA] regarding poverty and population. Africa has as much danger of starvation and depopulation [due to Aids] as of over population. The paper sets out a model of poverty based on the twin concepts of capabilities and entitlements. This is micro level approach and points to the importance of health and education as well as physical assets in analysing poverty. Issues of gender are always kept central. Income, access to public goods, physical assets and human capital are the four determinants of the status of any individual visavis poverty. In terms of access to public goods the paper develops a new measure of poverty based on daily calorie supply, access to clean water and access to health care. It would seem that nearly 90% of the population in 25 SSA countries or as many as 350 million can be counted as poor. Poverty is influenced by population most significantly if the household cannot afford education and health for its children. Other effects of population on poverty are thought to be transient. Poverty affects population by the complex interaction of the desire for children as insurance but an inability to ensure their survival. Population problems are most acute in societies which are developing enough to cut death rates drastically but not yet adjusted to lower infant mortality to modify their child bearing behaviour. Policy issues are discussed in the last section which highlights once again the central importance of education, health and land reforms.     

Population and Poverty in Africa

This paper sets out the position in Sub-Saharan Africa [SSA] regarding poverty and population. Africa has as much danger of starvation and depopulation [due to Aids] as of over population. The paper sets out a model of poverty based on the twin concepts of capabilities and entitlements. This is micro level approach and points to the importance of health and education as well as physical assets in analysing poverty. Issues of gender are always kept central. Income, access to public goods, physical assets and human capital are the four determinants of the status of any individual visavis poverty. In terms of access to public goods the paper develops a new measure of poverty based on daily calorie supply, access to clean water and access to health care. It would seem that nearly 90% of the population in 25 SSA countries or as many as 350 million can be counted as poor. Poverty is influenced by population most significantly if the household cannot afford education and health for its children. Other effects of population on poverty are thought to be transient. Poverty affects population by the complex interaction of the desire for children as insurance but an inability to ensure their survival. Population problems are most acute in societies which are developing enough to cut death rates drastically but not yet adjusted to lower infant mortality to modify their child bearing behaviour. Policy issues are discussed in the last section which highlights once again the central importance of education, health and land reforms.     

日本封建时代晚期消费需求变动的总体考察

本文认为日本在经济近代化之前,国民消费需求总体上呈现缓慢增长的变动趋势,消费水平和消费层次有轻微上升,消费结构有所改善,已达到日本前资本主义时代的最高水平。这种状况源于１８世纪以来日本国内社会经济的发展和实际工资水平的提高。     

非洲贸易与风险管理

本文讨论了两个层次的问题:一、非洲贸易及其存在的风险。二、如何管理和防范狭义的外汇风险(交易风险、折算风险以及经营风险或者经济风险)以及广义外汇风险中的国家风险、信用风险以及流动性风险等。特别是信用风险的管理与防范已经成为一个战略性和决定性的重大课题。     

2006年:中国经济及其对世界经济的影响

虽然1992年我在中国做财政问题研究,到现在中国已经发生了很大的变化.我非常高兴能够再来到中国,世界银行是一个多边发展机构,在中国的业务很多,现在我们更加关注中国对世界经济的影响,所以我非常荣幸能够受到邀请来讨论中国的经济以及中国对于世界经济的影响.     

Food and stabilization in developing Africa

This paper tests the hypothesis that inadequate food production, in developing Africa, is associated with inflation, balance-of-payments difficulties and stagnation. Econometric models are specified and derived to test the hypothesis. The empirical results are analyzed to clarify the impact of food imports on a number of issues relating to the general problem of economic growth.     

Knowledge production and publishing in Africa

This article explores the practice of ‘knowledge production’ and ‘publishing’ in Africa. Knowledge production and publishing in Africa has been and still is dominated by Western experts, most of whose interests do not serve Africa. Powerful social groups in post-colonial Africa construct knowledge about Africa from the sites of universities. Ordinary people also produce knowledge, most of which is elaborated through unwritten forms, and actually contest dominant modes of knowing. Publishing in Africa ought to be controlled by Africans if African states are to realise the dream of an African renaissance. African governments ought to invest in knowledge production and publishing. African intellectuals with university education should work with ordinary African intellectuals to create new sites of knowledge. Knowledge production and publishing is not an ideologically neutral phenomenon. Therefore, African governments should create, and not thwart, conditions conducive to knowledge production and publishing that is self-interrogating.     

Agricultural development in Southern Africa: Theory,lessons and the food crisis in Africa

In this paper a household economics theory of farm‐household production in the Southern African context is presented which (a) places a new interpretation on the causes of low productivity per person and unit of land in the African farming sector, (b) demonstrates that even where improved food crop technology is widely adopted it may have a very limited impact on marketed production, and (c) contributes to an understanding of why Africa's food production per person continues to fall despite per capita aid inflows which have exceeded those for any other continent over the last decade.