模块化、企业价值网络与企业边界变动

随着信息技术的发展，传统的集合型价值链发生以价值模块为基础的解构、整合和重建，形成具有差异化竞争优势的模块化价值链。不同企业的价值模块和模块化价值链在共同的界面标准内交叉连接、融合贯通，形成企业价值网络。企业价值网络集聚各成员企业的优势资源，将各能力要素协同在一个无形的网络平台上，通过不同组织模块间的协作、创新和竞争，能够产生新的竞争优势，使成员企业共享模块化经济、增强自生能力。企业价值网络的形成和拓展推动了企业边界的渗透和融合，导致企业有形边界与无形边界的分离。     

基于模块化网络组织的价值流动与创新

模块化网络组织是在价值模块化的基础上形成的一种新型价值创造的组织形式,其内部价值流动过程包括价值的创造、转移、实现和分配四个阶段。引导价值的合理有序流动,既是模块化网络组织治理的重要方面,也是形成网络协同效应、增强模块化网络组织竞争优势的重要途径。模块化网络组织能够通过知识创新实现价值创新,其价值创新机制具有边际收益递增性、顾客参与性和非均衡性等特性。网络组织内部成员企业以自身核心能力要素参与模块化分工和模块化网络组织的价值创新,能够形成网络组织整体竞争优势,共同创造和分享网络租金。     

基于模块化的价值网系统构造及运作模式研究

本文切入重要的增值意义和协同视角,在分析企业价值网形成的基础上,理论刻画了一个基于模块化的价值网解构模型,初步构造了价值网集成的互构系统,描绘了价值网的组织结构视图,解析了价值网会计信息系统结构,简明给出了价值网运作的成本核算方法,以期为企业实施价值网战略提供一个参考性的框架、思路与方法.     

基于价值网模型的企业竞争战略研究

价值网是在网络经济背景下提出的一个概念，它是由利益相关者之间相互影响而形成的价值生成、分配、转移和使用的关系及其结构。价值网的思想打破了传统价值链的线性思维和价值活动顺序分离的机械模式．围绕顾客价值重构原有价值链。价值网与价值链相比．在战略思维上发生了巨大的变化。本文对基于价值网的企业竞争战略进行了探讨，提出了以顾客价值为核心的竞争战略，以紧密合作为基础的双赢竞争策略，以塑造核心能力为主要手段的成员公司成长途径的战略思维。     

价值链形态演变与模块化组织协调

国内外许多学者持模块化生产方式导致模块化组织的观点，但这只是表面认识。本文认为。价值链形态演变以及价值链边界的放松是模块化组织形成的原因之一。而模块化技术的应用则是价值链不断发生变化的根本原因。随着模块化技术的应用和不断发展。一方面。协调生产方式的市场和组织在不断模块化：另一方面，垂直一体化企业的组织结构也在不断松散．并且以知识和交易等意识能力要素所决定的价值生产方式越来越成为经济发展的主导。     

模块化产业集群及其组织效率分析

"模块化"为产业集群组织模式创新提供了新的空间.模块化产业集群在价值链形成基础、组织权力结构、协调方式、信息流动、企业竞争方式、知识创新模式和创新能力等方面与传统产业集群存在根本的不同.产业集群模块化的路径是技术模块化、产品模块化、市场模块化及组织模块化的互动.模块化产业集群具有较高的组织效率,主要表现为:以功能模块为单元的创新效率,以设计规则为约束的协调效率,以扁平化的组织结构为特征的信息传递效率,以主动创新为导向的低趋同化效率,以交易费用降低为基础的交易效率,以分工为基础的协作效率.产业集群组织的模块化也会受到来自科技发展水平、产业集群的网络性风险以及模块化系统的运行成本等因素的制约.     

价值模块整合与产业融合

本文重点研究了与产业融合、产业结构密切相关的价值模块研发、重用和整合三个关键环节，分析了三种基本的模块整合模式：内部组织模式、元件市场交易模式和授权设计交易模式。认为价值模块是产业融合的载体，并总结了SIP模块、SOC对3C产业融合的影响。模块化、产业融合不仅使生产结构基础改变了，竞争的基础也发生了转变，使企业之间的合作与竞争都达到了极致，这集中表现为企业之间的合作竞争，而企业之间的竞争又分为两个层面：设计规则的标准竞争和模块供应商之间激烈的“背对背”竞争。     

金融业模块化组织形成路径研究

模块化作为一种新型的组织模式已经广泛应用于产业结构领域,成为促进产业组织持续创新和产业结构优化升级的有效方式.本文在分析金融企业价值链特性的基础上,深入探讨金融业模块化组织的发展路径,金融企业通过模块化分工与服务外包,最终形成金融业的模块化价值网络,从而更好的适应现代经济技术环境的变化.     

模块化技术创新网络结点间耦合关系研究

将技术创新网络中的结点企业看做模块化组织，研究它们之间的关系具有现实意义。网络化合作创新的特点要求结点间采用松散的耦合关系。结合价值网络的分析方法，将模块化组织之间耦合的要素分为依赖要素、联系要素和激励要素，建立了技术创新网络结点组织间的三要素（DCS）耦合模型．应用DCS耦合模型研究了核心模块协调型和分散型网络结点组织间的耦合关系，从理论上界定了控制耦合、信息耦合和关系耦合三种耦合方式．为创新网络的有效运作提供了参考。     

模块化组织与大型企业基因重组

随着信息技术的不断应用和发展，大型企业尤其是垂直一体化企业越来越难以生存，取而代之的是精益的模块化组织。本文认为模块化组织是大型企业在其内部市场对“基因”能力要素进行重组的必然结果。大型企业通过对“基因”能力要素进行重组，一方面扩展了其能力边界，另一方面也培育了一种新型的组织形态即模块化组织。模块化组织不但降低了大型企业内部的协调成本和外部的交易成本，也为大型企业的未来组织设计提供了新思路和新挑战。     

Stage of the organizational life cycle and competition as mediators of problem perception for small businesses

An empirical study based upon a sample of 645 small businesses assesses the relationship that life cycle stage and level of competition exhibit with the problems perceived to constrain small business strategic planning. Problems have been identified as either internal (cash flow) or external (competition); they have further been classified as either situational or core problems. Among the most prevalent problems reported by decision makers are customer contact, market knowledge, marketing planning, location, and adequacy of capital. A total of 16 problem areas were identified. Traditional wisdom offers the scenario where problems faced will vary as the organization progresses through the life cycle. Much of this research refutes conventional wisdom in that level of competition was determined to have more of an impact on problem perception.     

电力多经企业规范管理探讨

电力多种经营企业由于受到当时安置型特性所决定,在市场化发展面前,表现出十分脆弱与无力。随着电力工业深化改革和发展,多经企业只有市场化发展的道路可走。因此,企业必须按照市场规则规范自身行为,理清与主办单位的产权、业务、管理关系,开创独具特色的管理模式,才能立信于市场,提升竞争能力,得到持续健康发展。     

Entrepreneurship,innovation, and political competition: How the public sector helps the sharing economy create value

Research Summary: With the recent growth of the sharing economy, regulators must frequently strike the right balance between private and public interests to maximize value creation. In this article, we argue that political competition is a critical ingredient that explains whether cities accommodate or ban ridesharing platforms and that this relationship is moderated in more populous cities and in cities with higher unemployment rates. We test our arguments using archival data covering ridesharing bans in various U.S. cities during the 2011–2015 period. We supplement these data with semistructured interviews. We find broad support for our arguments while mitigating potential endogeneity concerns. Our study has important implications for nonmarket strategy, entrepreneurship and innovation, and public-private partnership literatures. In addition, our findings inform policy debates on the sharing economy. Managerial Summary: Entrepreneurs and businesses oftentimes face severe regulatory barriers when commercializing innovative products and services even if the innovations are generally beneficial for consumers and the broader society. This research focuses on the political determinants of regulation to provide a better understanding of why some markets are more receptive to innovative products while other markets are more hostile to them. Using the banning of ridesharing companies (e.g., Uber and Lyft) in various U.S. cities during the 2011–2015 period, we find that elected politicians facing less political competition (i.e., not easily replaceable, serving multiple terms, longer tenure in office) were more likely to ban ridesharing companies and favor, potentially displaceable, local taxicab companies. Our research has implications for navigating the political barriers to entry.     

Market‐oriented is more than being customer‐led

Connor, in ‘Customer‐led and market‐oriented: A matter of balance’, argues, among other things, that we propose that market oriented businesses focus on future customer needs to the neglect of current customer needs, that market oriented businesses over‐emphasize marketing activities in their value chains, that market oriented businesses emphasize generative learning to the neglect of adaptive learning, and that only large companies have the resources to become market oriented. These arguments are largely unfair extrapolations of our position and reflect a superficial understanding of the nature and benefits of being market oriented. We use this response to clarify our position on these issues. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论无边界企业

传统经济学认为企业是有边界的，企业的边界在于边际成本等于边际收益之处。本文认为，随着信息技术的发展，企业边界可趋于无穷。这是因为，在信息经济条件下，企业随着边界扩张，边际成本递减、边际收益递增，边际成本曲线和边际收益曲线无法随着企业规模的扩大而相交于一点。对无边界企业来讲，企业边界不再是指物质边界，而是指能力边界，企业边界的大小，取决于自身核心能力的强弱。企业要想成为无边界企业，必须将自身的核心能力打造成价值模块，并融入全球价值网络当中。无边界企业有着不同的具体形式，但是不论哪种形式，都是基于核心能力运作的，价值网络是核心能力的集大成。     

The impact of competition strength and density on performance: The technological competition networks in the wind energy industry

Technological competition plays an important role in technological development and innovation. However, technological competition networks have long been ignored in research. Based on the social network theory, we proposed that the innovation of an organization is greatly affected by the technological competition networks that it is embedded in. We introduced International Patent Classifications (IPCs) information to construct technological competition networks of organizations, and explored how competition network characteristics influence the organizational competitive capability and innovation performance.Based on the wind energy patent data between 2005 and 2014, we synthetically investigated the technological development and competition networks in the industry. Our findings show that (1) the evolutionary trends of patents and technology elements growth exhibit similar patterns (i.e., increasing before 2011 and decreasing after 2011); (2) the burst detection algorithm detects that 140 technological elements and 132 organizations experienced a sudden growth in production; (3) wind energy organizations intensively compete with each other, and in each year, only 10% of organizations can improve their technological competitive positions in the following year; (4) competition density in a competition network increases the technological competitive capability and innovation performance of firms. Additionally, competition strength has an inverted-U shaped relationship with both the aforementioned outcomes.     

A process model of the maturation of a new dynamic capability

The literature on dynamic capabilities highlights their importance for gaining competitive advantage. However, existing research fails to explain how a new capability matures into a source of such an advantage. This study addresses this question using a process approach. It examines how this maturation process occurs and develops within a firm to a point where a new dynamic capability becomes institutionalized in an organization. Taking the case of a dynamic synchronization capability, one that enables a firm to coordinate dual innovation strategies, and that matures through the integration of operational sourcing capabilities, our study highlights the role of socio (group interactions) and cognitive (perceptions and interpretations) elements via an interactive learning in this process. The case shows that this process is multi-stage, unfolding across different organizational levels and encounters a series of conflicts that act as triggers for capability maturation. This paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the maturation of a capability rather than the emergence of a new capability, which has dominated prior research.     

全球价值链下地方产业集群升级模式研究

地方产业集群沿着全球价值链往上升级，并不是一个自然而然的过程，而是在“不进则退”的激烈竞争中进行的。全球价值链片断化后．各个价值环节之间是有着严格的价值等级体系的。价值等级体系的形成一般有跳跃式和蔓延式两种空间布局模式。占据不同价值环节的地方产业集群，也由此在全球形成了严格的空间等级体系。在该等级体系中．既紧密合作又相互激烈竞争的各个层级的地方产业集群时刻演绎着升级和反升级的较量。既然各个地方产业集群之间攀登和反攀登都是在全球价值链中展开．那么就应该遵循链条本身所包含的各种竞争关系。不同的竞争和升级关系又会带来不同的经济影响。     

Radical Product Innovation Capability: Literature Review,Synthesis, and Illustrative Research Propositions

Product innovation is a key to organizational renewal and success. Relative to other forms of innovation, radical product innovations offer unprecedented customer benefits, substantial cost reductions, or the ability to create new businesses, any of which should lead to superior organizational performance. In other words, a radical product innovation capability is a dynamic capability, one that enables the organization to maintain alignment with rapidly evolving customer needs in high‐velocity environments. Extensive research has been conducted on the antecedents to an incremental/general product innovation capability, and meta‐analyses have been conducted to integrate the results from the various studies. However, whether and how a radical product innovation capability differs from an incremental product innovation capability is also critical. The purpose of this work is to develop a testable model of the antecedents to radical product innovation success. Based on an extensive literature review, a comprehensive set of organizational components that comprise a firm's radical product innovation capability is identified. These organizational components include senior leadership, organizational culture, organizational architecture, the radical product innovation development process, and the product launch strategy. Of course, each of these components has subcomponents that provide even more texture. This review highlights how the components of a radical innovation capability function differently from those for an incremental capability. In addition, this review strongly suggests that the direct effects models that dominate this literature underestimate the complexity of the interplay of components that comprise a radical product innovation capability. Thus, a model to demonstrate this interplay of these organizational components is provided. Illustrative research propositions are offered to provide guidance to researchers. Suggestions for executives and managers who are involved in the product development process and for scholars who seek to advance the state of knowledge in this area are offered in the conclusion.     

Facilitating artificial intelligence powered supply chain analytics through alliance management during the pandemic crises in the B2B context

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted global supply chains and exposed weak links in the chains far beyond what most people have witnessed in their living memory. The scale of disruption affects every nation and industry, and the sudden and dramatic changes in demand and supply that have occurred during the pandemic crisis clearly differentiate its impact from other crises. Using the dynamic capabilities view, we studied alliance management capability (AMC) and artificial intelligence (AI) driven supply chain analytics capability (AI-SCAC) as dynamic capabilities, under the moderating effect of environmental dynamism. We tested our four research hypotheses using survey data collected from the Indian auto components manufacturing industry. For data analysis we used Warp PLS 7.0 (a variance-based structural equation modelling tool). We found that alliance management capability under the mediating effect of artificial intelligence-powered supply chain analytics capability enhances the operational and financial performance of the organization. Moreover, we also observed that the alliance management capability has a significant effect on artificial intelligence-powered supply chain analytics capability under the moderating effect of environmental dynamism. The results of our study provide a nuanced understanding of the dynamic capabilities and the relational view of organization. Finally, we noted the limitations of our study and provide numerous research directions that may help answer some of the questions that arise from our study.