全球汽车产业价值链的分析与启示--以通用、福特、大众、丰田为例

汽车产业作为一种典型的全球化产业,其突出表现之一是价值链的全球化。价值链全球化的形成与完善给企业自身带来了巨大的竞争力。本文以世界排名前四位汽车制造商通用集团、福特集团、大众集团、丰田集团为例,剖析其全球价值链形成的过程以及对各大集团的影响,并总结出成功经验,旨在对我国的汽车产业发展有一定的借鉴意义。     

Varieties of methodological intersubjectivity — the relations with qualitative and quantitative research,and with objectivity

Three traditional kinds of intersubjectivity, that is consensual, regimented and explicit intersubjectivity are differentiated from two alternative kinds, namely argumentative and dialogical intersubjectivity. An essential part of argumentative intersubjectivity is the methodological discourse in which the participants have to strive for the so-called ideal speech situation. Dialogical intersubjectivity includes argumentative intersubjectivity, but the interaction between researchers as well as between researchers and subjects is more symmetrical and less rationalistic.In qualitative research strictly regimented intersubjectivity is not, or only partly, adequate or relevant, while dialogical intersubjectivity is typical. In quantitative research dialogical intersubjectivity in a full sense is not, or only partly, adequate or relevant, while regimented intersubjectivity is typical.     

Educational mismatch,wages, and wage growth: Overeducation in Sweden, 1974–2000

We examine the impact of educational mismatch on wages and wage growth in Sweden. The empirical analyses, based on cross-sectional and panel data from the Level of living surveys 1974–2000, are guided by two main hypotheses: (a) that educational mismatch reflects human capital compensation rather than real mismatch, and (b) that educational mismatch is real but dissolves with time spent in the labour market, so that its impact on wages tends toward zero over a typical worker's career. Our findings do not support these hypotheses. First, significant differences in contemporaneous economic returns to education across match categories remain even after variations in ability are taken into account. Second, we find no evidence that the rate of wage growth is higher among overeducated workers than others. Our conclusion is that the overeducated are penalized early on by an inferior rate of return to schooling from which they do not recover.     

Trade,redistribution and indeterminacy

In the present paper a tractable two-sector growth model with technological externalities and many countries is considered. It is shown that the occurrence of indeterminacy, a typical side-product of externalities, may appear due to the enlargement of the markets for goods and factors. Various scenarios of progressive levels of integration are considered. In particular, it is found that the integration into a common market on which countries trade the produced good and the inputs may lead to indeterminacy even when the equilibrium under full autarchy is determinate. A similar result holds when integration only affects consumption and capital goods. However, such result does not occur if the inverse of relative risk aversion is a linear or concave function. We conclude that in many usual situations, as the one with CES preferences, indeterminacy and the associated fragility of expectations and financial instability, is not likely to be increased by market integration.     

Matching,human capital,and the covariance structure of earnings

This paper tests the theory of job matching and the theory of human capital by examining the covariance structure of residuals from a typical Mincer log earnings equation using methods of moments techniques. Job matching theory predicts that we should observe an eventual decrease in the contribution of the job-match component in the residual variance as workers acquire tenure on the job. This prediction is mildly supported by the data. On the other hand, human capital theory predicts a trade-off between job-specific intercept and slope parameters. This prediction, which is not shared by the theory of matching, is strongly supported by the data. This is especially true for men with at least a high school degree.     

Environmental regulation, technological diversity, and the dynamics of technological change

Inducing technological progress is an important objective of environmental regulation. We investigate under which conditions regulation-induced technological progress pursues the best technological option. We analyze a setting with vertical and horizontal technological progress, cost uncertainty, time-limited patent protection, and a case that is typical for some emissi4on-intensive industries, like electricity generation or the chemical industry. Under taxes and standards, only the current least-cost technology is used and developed, implying a lock-in into a possibly inferior technology. Tradable permits yield slower progress but can facilitate the simultaneous development of technologies, rendering lock-ins less likely.     

中国现代城市规划的一次试验--1935年《青岛市施行都市计划案》的背景、内容与评析

1935年出台的《青岛市施行都市计划案》是中国人自己首次对青岛进行的一次长远、全面的发展规划,也是中国近代史上一次重要的现代城市规划试验.本文从国家的历史进程和城市自身发展两个方面,论述了该规划产生的社会背景;通过大量第一手史料,全面分析了该规划的主要内容、体现的先进意识以及局限性.历史分析说明,该规划典型反映了现代城市规划在中国近代从被迫接受到主动学习的发展脉络.     

Place utility,attribute tradeoff,and choice behavior in an intra-urban migration context

This study develops a unique methodology for analyzing intraurban migration with emphasis on housing and neighborhood attributes and preferences. When applied to a typical midwestern metropolitan area, the methodology reveals that safety and security from crime and quality of construction are the most important attributes to the home buyer. Property tax rates and nearness to work were much less important. Analysis of the intra-urban migration process through attribute satisfaction ratings for different homes revealed that the greatest increases in satisfaction were expected for those variables previously considered most important in an abstract sense.     

VAR,ERROR CORRECTION AND PRETEST FORECASTS AT LONG HORIZONS

This paper focuses on the construction of forecasts over long horizons where a typical long-horizon forecast might span four years using 20 to 40 years’ data. It is argued that the presence of persistence in the form of unit or near-unit autoregressive roots poses substantial difficulties for long-horizon interval and point forecasting. These difficulties may not be overcome even by efficient pre-testing or model-selection procedures and might, in general, lead to point forecasts with large asymptotic root mean squared errors and undesirably wide prediction intervals.     

岗位价值与工作业绩的统一

岗效工资制是我国企业常用的一种薪资分配模式。本文首先分析了岗效工资制的结构和运行方式，进而对一个样本企业的岗效工资制改革实践进行具体考察，在此基础上，指出了岗效工资制必须解决的若干问题。     

A critical review of algorithms in HRM: Definition,theory, and practice

The recent surge of interest concerning data analytics in both business and academia has been accompanied by significant advances in the commercialization of HRM (Human Resource Management)-related algorithmic applications. Our review of the literature uncovered 22 high quality academic papers and 122 practitioner-oriented items (e.g., popular press and trade journals). As part of our review, we draw several distinctions between the typical use of HRM algorithms and more traditional statistical applications. We find that while HRM algorithmic applications tend not to be especially theory-driven, the “black box” label often invoked by critics of these efforts is not entirely appropriate. Instead, HRM-related algorithms are best characterized as heuristics. In considering the implications of our findings, we note that there is already evidence of a research-practitioner divide; relative to scholarly efforts, practitioner interest in HRM algorithms has grown exponentially in recent years.     

Risk and agricultural de-collectivisation,with evidence from the Czech Republic

The importance of family farms in Central and Eastern European agriculture during the transition has been more limited than was initially expected. In this paper a framework is developed in order to analyse the behaviour of family farms and corporate farms in the presence of risk, given the typical post-socialist environment. Management incentives, ownership structure, financial transfers and consumption-production linkages are shown to have the potential to limit the size of family farms relative to corporate farms. The hypotheses are tested with survey data from the Czech Republic. It appears plausible that risk limits the extent of structural change in transitional agriculture.     

Performance evaluation,public management improvement and democratic accountability

The results-oriented management reforms fostered by the New Public Management movement are often argued to emphasize the search for efficiency, quality and other typical market values at the expense of democratic accountability. On the other hand, challenging this view, some authors claim that results-based management reforms have the potential to enhance political accountability and representative democracy. There is however, limited empirical evidence of this relationship. This article uses some of the findings from a comparative study of public management evaluation systems in four Latin American countries to illuminate this relationship in practice. We discuss the fact that, in two of the four countries surveyed, the design features of the new systems were based on the explicit search for increased political accountability and the deepening of democracy. We also discuss the possible causes for the finding that the outcome and performance information generated is not being applied for decision-making purposes yet, as expected.     

Social distance,heterogeneity and social interactions

A crucial ingredient in social interaction models is the structure of peer groups, which link individuals with similar characteristics. We propose and study a dynamic binary choice model with social interactions in which heterogeneity of peer group effects is modeled introducing diversity in individual characteristics and linking pairwise influences to a social distance between individuals. Our framework allows for mimetic as well as anti-mimetic interactions and a heterogeneous structure of peer groups across individuals. Dynamic equilibria are studied in the limit when the number of agents is large. We show that the model exhibits multiple equilibria resulting from conflicts between various group pressures the individuals are subjected to. We study in particular the correlation in the population at equilibrium between the characteristics of the agents and their decisions: this quantity has an interesting empirical interpretation and solves a simple analytical equation when the number of agents is large. Finally we discuss the empirical content of the model and present a consistent estimator for the parameter describing which is consistent for any typical population regardless of the structure of individual characteristics.     

农村饮水安全工程评估评价指标体系的设计、标准和步骤

饮水安全工程是民生工程,党和国家对其高度重视,并为此投入了大量资金。但安饮工程的现状如何,完成的质量、效益、持续性如何,以及如何对典型而又复杂的农村饮水安全工程作一个全面、有效、及时的评估和评价,是一个值得探讨的问题。文章探讨通过运用科学的方法建立相应的绩效评价指标体系,对饮水安全工程这个财政支出项目进行绩效评估,以期全面了解农村饮水安全工程的落实情况,真正改善农村饮用水质量,解决广大农民的饮水安全问题,同时也让政府的管理效率和公共服务水平得到提升。     

统筹兼顾,因势利导:历史治水经验对城市“内涝”的启示

针对近年来愈演愈烈的城市"内涝"现象,文章回溯我国数千年的治水历程,从中解读"人"与"自然"关系的发展变化,通过剖析典型案例,总结成功经验,探讨对当代城市建设的启示。认为治水是一个系统工程,单纯靠增"排"解决不了今天城市"内涝"的问题,充分利用现代科学技术,借鉴历史成功经验,主动协调"人"与"水"的关系,统筹考虑,因势利导,调蓄洪旱,才是城市"治水"之策。     

Too much theory,not enough understanding

This essay and the following commentaries address the use of theory in operations management. While much is said about theory in the typical journal article, theory, as science defines it, is not at the center of much of our research. The discipline had fallen into some bad habits. This essay and its commentaries appeal for more attention to what theory can mean for our understanding of operations management.     

深圳城市系统代谢的变化与废物生成效应

深圳是从小镇向现代化大都市快速转变的典型个例。本文从生态系统物质代谢和能量流动的角度出发 ,定性描述城市化过程中代谢的突出问题 ,分析了深圳城市系统代谢 2 0年间有关特征的显著变化、相关废物产生的机理 ,从深层上探讨了解决这些问题的途径和对策 ,为小城镇的快速城市化提供借鉴     

Regional integration,international liberalisation and the dynamics of industrial agglomeration

This paper presents a 3-region footloose-entrepreneur new economic geography model. Two symmetric regions are part of an economically integrated area (the Union), while the third region represents an outside trade partner. We explore how the spatial allocation of industrial production and employment within the Union is affected by changes in two aspects of trade liberalisation, regional integration and globalisation, conditional to the skill endowment and the market size of the outside region. Our main contribution pertains to the analysis of the local and global dynamics of the specified factor mobility process. We show that significant parameter ranges exist for which an asymmetric distribution of economic activities is one of the possible long-run outcomes which may allow a smooth transition to agglomeration (in contrast to the NEG typical catastrophic scenario). In addition, we show that multistability is pervasive and that some attractors are Milnor attractors. Both results reinforce the NEG narrative on the importance of initial conditions for the long-run location of industrial activity.     

人力资本、培训成本与跨国服务外包

基于人力资本差异而形成的团队合作是国际服务外包的典型特征。运用简单的两国模型分析培训成本及人力资本水平对服务外包团队合作决策和收益的影响,研究结果表明:跨国团队的培训成本是国际外包决策的重要影响因素;团队协作成本不同的条件下,培训成本对发包方的收入影响不同;接包国的人力资本水平越高,发包国获得的收入越高,越有动力实施服务外包。