8 Culture, Evil, and Horror

A bstract .   This chapter develops a concept of aesthetic and existential horror and suggests its importance for understanding modern and postmodern culture. It makes three distinct claims. First, the experience of horror signifies a breakdown in the symbolic categories and valuations of a culture. Second, this experience has ontological significance because in horror the human is exposed to the naked fact of being. This latter point is derived from Heidegger's comments on anxiety and Emmanuel Levinas's notion of the " il y a " or "there is." A third claim follows from these two, namely, that horror is distinct from evil. Evil is defined within a cultural matrix; horror is the undefined other of a culture. Evil represents the negation of being; horror shows the sickening presence of being as being. The essay concludes with a reflection on the possibility of a postmodern ethics that takes responsibility for the "horrors of being" generated by globalization.     

10 The Subject of Freedom at the End of History: Socialism Beyond Humanism

A bstract .   The postmodernist turn in theory left the status of humanism in some doubt. This chapter argues that a recuperation of a specifically socialist humanism is both possible and desirable, but only by overcoming the anthropocentrism of radical humanism. Renaissance and Enlightenment conceptions of the subject were rooted in an untenable dichotomy between the human and the animal, in ways that vitiated the idea and ideal of universal freedom. By conflating subjectivity as such with human subjectivity, humanism created a diremption in the world that placed the knower (human consciousness) on one side, and the merely known (objectified Nature) on the other. Marxism and socialist humanism reproduced this error in ways that have undermined the socialist vision of universal emancipation, misconstrued the nature of the subject, and overlooked the significance of human domination of other animals. The author advocates a new approach, what he calls metahumanism , to affirm a "two-sided" freedom in which the liberation of other animals from human oppression, and the emancipation of ourselves as animals—that is, the restoration of the sensual dimension of existence, free sexual expression, and valorization of the labor and love of the body—would become central features of a new movement for civil and cultural reform.     

黄帝陵旅游纪念品的文化形态构建

在当前寻根文化的大背景下,作者就黄帝陵旅游文化形态开发中旅游纪念品的现状、存在问题,以及其蕴含的丰富文化特色与民族文化精神象征进行深入分析,提出借助黄帝陵独特的文化题材,以深化民族文化精神为目标开发系列旅游纪念品,借助旅游纪念品质朴的亲和力,文化传播的广泛性,以不断提升黄帝陵旅游的文化内涵,强化陕西旅游市场竞争力,对传承民族文化精神具有深远的意义。     

Cultural Relativism and the Savage

Abstract . Judged by his political and economic writings, the 19th‐century thinker William Graham Sumner (1840–1910) is a conservative, a Social Darwinist, and something of a libertarian, who looked down on members of less developed cultures. However, as a sociologist, he is remembered for formulating the distinction between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and is considered an early contributor to multiculturalism theory. Is it simply the case that Sumner was inconsistent, or have his works perhaps been misunderstood?     

Earnings Management and Cultural Values

Using theory and empirical data from social psychology to measure for cultural differences between countries, this research studies the effect of individualism, defined as the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups ( Hofstede 1980 ), and egalitarianism, defined as a society's cultural orientation with respect to intolerance for abuses of market and political power ( Schwartz 1994, 2004 ) on earnings management. This research finds a significant cultural influence on earnings management. Specifically, the results show that countries scoring high on individualism tend to have lower levels of earnings management. Using the Schwartz (1994, 2004 ) framework, this study finds that egalitarianism is negatively related to earnings management. The analysis shows that, besides the formal investor protection, it is relevant to consider cultural differences to explain earnings management. This analysis also supports the idea that culture may be an important element in the discussion of global convergence towards a single corporate governance model, or the implementation of corporate governance codes inspired by codes from societies with different cultural values.     

11 A Rediscovery of Heaven-and-Human Oneness

A bstract .   The history of Chinese intellectual thought shows a constant and continuous probing into the chiasmatic encounters between tian (heaven or nature) and ren (humankind). This is conducive, in turn, to a core conception of tian ren heyi (heaven-and-human oneness) that largely embodies the general ethos or Geist of Chinese philosophy. Owing to its functional indication and dynamic character, the polysemy of the conception is apt to be extended along with the passage of time and according to the current situation or sociocultural context. At the present day, there is a tendency to rediscover the relevance of "heaven-and-human oneness" by reading new and even modern messages into the old conception. This has become an open-ended activity, inviting and involving a second reflection, transcultural exposition, and even creative transformation due to its hidden universality for the common good. This chapter attempts to look into the essential bearings of this "heaven-and-human oneness" concept employed as a Dao ( Tao or Way) to deal with the interaction between nature and humanity. It also explores the complex history of the concept, with a particular reference to Li Zehou's recent reinterpretation as well as my own personal understanding. Some contemporary pragmatic implications of the concept are also examined with particular reference to eco-environmental concerns.     

Cultural Antecedents of Behavioural Differences Between American and Egyptian Managers

Numerous researchers have studied behavioural characteristics typically common to American managers. However, few studies have considered how cultural differences impact behavioural management practice in developing Middle-Eastern countries. This study reports the results of a top executive survey comparing and contrasting American and Egyptian management styles, providing strong support for the argument that management behaviour is deeply embedded in culture. Results also suggest that management behaviours seen positively in one culture are not always viewed as such in another.     

Political Rescaling and Municipal Cultural Public Policies: A Comparison of France and Québec

Do territories change public policies? This would appear to be a rather unusual research orientation. It is even a reversal of the most commonly accepted approaches to the study of territorial public action, which tend to look at this issue from the opposite perspective, that is, in examining how public policies affect territories. The municipal reforms that have simultaneously occurred in Québec and France since the late 1990s afford an excellent opportunity to consider this inversion of the issues. To do so, we take as our theme culture and municipal cultural policies. We try to define and understand to what extent there exist in Québec and France retroactive links between municipal restructuring and municipal decisions about cultural facilities and activities and, more generally, municipal cultural intervention in the urban milieu. This comparative analysis of the cases of France and Québec focuses on discourse as well as achievements. First, we look at the changes arising from institutional reforms in the supply of cultural activities, budgets devoted to culture, and cultural policies. We then consider culture as a vector in the construction of a new municipal institution and a new municipal territory.     

1 From a State of War to Perpetual Peace

A bstract .   This essay examines current debates in political philosophy regarding the problems of war and peace and of human rights protection. Two contrasting approaches are analyzed: one represented by "democratic peace" theories, and the other by the movement for a cosmopolitan order. At the heart of both approaches are conflicting interpretations of Kant's political philosophy, especially his project of "perpetual peace." An analysis of M. Doyle's recent conception of "liberal democratic peace" shows the flaws in his justification of the tendency of liberal states to be war-prone toward nonliberal states. Alternatively, the development of Kant's ideas in the theories of "discourse ethics" (K. O. Apel and J. Habermas) and "cosmopolitan democracy" confirms the relevance of Kant's cosmopolitan ideal to current discussions about peace and human rights. The analysis also affirms that the true solution to the problems of securing peace and protecting human rights can only be achieved by peaceful means, based on international law with the United Nations as its legitimate political representation.     

On a 2 × 2 factorial design where the use of randomized response is one of the factors

This paper discusses a survey where some respondents were asked sensitive questions directly and others were asked the same questions using randomized response. The use of randomized response was a factor in a 2 × 2 factorial design and dice were used to perform the randomization. First, the paper shows that the perturbation due to the dice can be described using the concept of misclassification and known conditional misclassification probabilities. Second, the paper formulates the likelihood for loglinear models and shows that latent class software can be used to analyse the data. An example including a power analysis is discussed.     

中西方文化中数字意义的简要对比

本文旨在探讨引起中西方文化中数字意义差异的原因,并通过各种生动的实例给予详细的解释。综合历史、文化和宗教对数字的影响,作者总结出了一些共同的规则,希冀使跨文化交际得以顺利进行,并最大程度的减少跨文化交际所带来的文化冲突。     

四维度模式下文化的渗透作用分析

文化在推动经济发展方面的作用日益凸显,作者主要就四维度模式下文化的渗透作用进行了系统的分析和研究,并提出了自己的看法。     

浅析大学英语教学中的文化渗透

语言和文化两者密不可分,语言不能脱离文化而存在。因此教师在具体的大学英语教学实践中,既要帮助学生学习英语语言,还要进行文化渗透,使学生能够了解所学语言国家的风土人情、风俗习惯,体验他国文化的魅力,从而使学生能够更好地学习英语这门语言。文章根据自己的教学经验,试图探索大学英语教学中的文化渗透策略。     

How Culture and Economy Meet in South Korea: The Politics of Cultural Economy in Culture‐led Urban Regeneration

This article investigates the ways in which cultural economy is formed through negotiation and interaction between local actors in the case of culture‐led regeneration in Gwangju, South Korea. It looks at the dynamics between the bureaucrats' pursuit of economic growth in the city and the efforts of civil society to maintain a strong political spirit throughout the regeneration process. Through in‐depth interviews with various participants and archival analysis, the politics of cultural economy are examined in relation to the Gwangju Biennale and the City of Culture project. The findings show that in these two cases bureaucrats were the dominant force, a tendency that instrumentalized culture. They also illustrate that this dominance brought about resistance from civil society. However, in the process of both engaging in conflict and working with each other, the different discourses of economic growth and cultural meaning were integrated, and in the process mutual learning and adaptation took place among members of the two groups. Civil society also faced cleavages resulting from different approaches to how to collaborate with the bureaucrats and its ensuing self‐reflection on communicative value enhanced its rehabilitation. The article argues that the politics of cultural economy is dynamic, involving processes of renegotiation, adaptation and self‐realization. It also offers the possibility of a new arena for the public sphere. Civil society plays a critical role in the integration of culture and economy.     

高校文化资源与新农村公共文化服务的关系及其发展路径

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,对高校文化资源与新农村公共文化服务的关系及其发展路径进行分析,结果表明:高校具有服务新农村公共文化的功能与作用,新农村建设需要高校文化资源;新农村公共文化服务的发展要以地方高校为依托。因此应加强各个领域和学科的交流,建立长期的合作关系,并且通过多种路径,挖掘高校现有的文化资源,推动新农村公共文化服务的建设和发展。     

基于文化差异的跨文化管理

本文从分析跨文化管理中的文化差异入手，从组织行为的角度，将文化差异分为隐性差异和显性差异，并以此为基础导出了建构于个体水平上的文化差异矩阵，为跨文化管理面临的不同情境提供了分析框架。本文最后对海尔集团跨文化管理进行了分析。     

Creating a company‐wide,on‐line,performance management system: A case study at TRW Inc.

When new company leadership took the helm in 2001, TRW sought to create systems that supported what was, in essence, a cultural revolution—a new culture driven by six company‐wide “Behaviors.” Impeding this revolution, however, were the countless systems and methods for evaluating and managing the development of TRW's nearly 100,000 employees. The senior Management Committee challenged TRW's human resources function to create a common, on‐line, company‐wide system that supports performance appraisal, professional development, and succession management. A cross‐disciplinary and cross‐business team led by the Director of Leadership Development created a uniform Web‐based system in four short months. This system is now in place company‐wide in 36 countries on five continents. The approach we took and the success we have enjoyed can be replicated by other organizations seeking a uniform and effective way to evaluate and develop employees. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

浅议文化词和文化含义词及其翻译方法

语言和文化的关系是辩证统一的,翻译过程中蕴含在语言中的文化因素给译者的工作带来了挑战。文章介绍了文化词和文化含义词的各自定义及区别,并对二者在英汉互译中的处理提出了几种方法。