论建立耕地保护的土地管理新机制

研究目的:探讨国土资源参与宏观调控情况下,如何建立一种低成本、高效率、信息准确、资料更新及时的土地管理新机制。研究方法:实证法,比较研究法,逻辑分析法。研究结果:为保护和合理利用有限的土地资源,应该将土地管理工作重点转移到城市(镇)规划管理区,建立一套以城市(镇)规划管理区为重点的耕地保护工作机制。在这种新工作机制下,几项重大土地管理工作,如新一轮土地利用大调查、土地统计制度、建设用地审批制度等,在工作思路和工作方法方面需要作出相应的调整。     

新型城镇化进程中集约利用土地资源的对策建议

新型城镇化进程中,集约利用土地资源是建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的基本要求,是缓解用地矛盾的有效手段,是优化土地配置的重要手段。然而当前我国仍存在土地利用粗放,集约化程度低;土地利用结构不合理;耕地被大量占用,农民土地权益受损;土地利用规划流于形式等问题。对策：制定合理的城镇发展规划,并严格执行;合理利用土地置换政策,优化土地利用结构;加强法律监督,建立合理的奖惩考核机制;加强公众监督制度,保护耕地和农民权益。     

2017年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2018年展望

研究目的：总结2017年国内外土地科学研究的重点进展,展望2018年中国土地科学的发展趋势以及《中国土地科学》重点关注方向。研究方法：文献调研法。研究结果：（1）2017年土地科学基础理论研究仍薄弱,集中探讨了土地科学各分支学科的发展历程、学科体系、研究框架以及未来学科发展方向;（2）土地经济研究侧重于城镇化对地价的影响、农地流转价格的形成机制、土地产权制度与生产效率之间的关系、现有土地制度下地方政府的行为及其影响等方面,土地规模经营、土地流转成为研究热点;（3）土地管理领域侧重于农村土地制度改革研究,在土地管理法制建设、不动产统一登记以及土地制度改革过程中的管理体制、机制和法律逻辑方面的研究尚显不足;（4）土地资源、利用与规划领域进一步基于时空锥理论研究了规划机理,提出了科学认知城市“多规合一”的理念,探讨了空间规划体系的建构与规划的核心任务;（5）土地工程与技术领域紧紧围绕“实现土地的合理开发与利用”展开,着重从生态整理、整理监管、村庄整理、复垦质量与新技术、污染土地修复等方面开展相关研究,无人机航空摄影测量技术在土地信息采集中的广泛应用成为研究的重点。研究结论：土地科学问题研究尚显薄弱,土地科技创新有所突破。2018年,《中国土地科学》将重点关注农村土地制度改革、土地供应与市场调控机制、自然资源管理体制;国土空间开发保护与布局、自然生态空间用途管制;土地工程与信息技术领域中新方法、新思路、新技术以及新装备的研发与应用等。     

2019年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2020年展望

研究目的：总结2019年国内外土地科学研究的重点进展,展望2020年中国土地科学的发展趋势以及《中国土地科学》重点关注方向。研究方法：文献调研法。研究结果：（1）土地管理领域持续关注农村土地制度改革、土地法制建设、耕地保护转型与城乡建设用地管理等实践问题,自然资源资产产权制度改革成为研究热点;（2）土地经济领域重点关注土地价格与农地流转、土地市场化改革、土地产权制度与农地制度变迁等;（3）土地资源利用与空间规划领域更加关注土地资源的自然与生态属性,以土地资源资产核算、低碳土地利用、土地利用转型、国土空间规划与用途管制等为研究热点;（4）土地工程与信息技术领域除了继续关注传统研究问题外,国土综合整治与生态保护修复相关理论与技术成为新的研究热点。研究结论：2020年,《中国土地科学》将重点关注土地制度创新与耕地资源保护、土地资源资产产权制度改革、国土空间规划与用途管制、国土综合整治与生态保护修复等相关研究问题及选题方向。     

从治国理政看土地管理问题

土地问题历来是社会革命和经济建设的基本问题 ,是治国理政的重大课题和重要内容。现实中 ,大量圈占土地 ,乱占滥用耕地 ,已到了非常严重的地步 ,成为当前经济运行和社会现实生活中的热点问题。加强土地管理并把严格保护耕地放在第一位 ,对国家粮食安全、亿万农民生计、农村乃至全社会、工业化和城镇化 ,具有基础作用、保障作用、稳定和支持作用。近年来严格管理土地 ,参与宏观调控收到了一举多得的功效 ,进一步严格管理土地和保护耕地的目标 ,主要靠严格土地执法 ,加强规划管理 ,保障农民利益 ,促进节约用地 ,健全责任制度等政策和手段来达到和实施     

经济发达地区土地资源利用战略的几点思考

研究目的:提出经济发达地区土地资源利用战略的几点思考,为保障区域土地资源安全和经济社会持续、健康发展提供政策建议。研究方法:实证调研法。研究结果:(1)经济发达地区面临着世界范围的产业转型与转移的重大机遇,也面临着发展用地紧缺的挑战,应从产业选择着手,尽可能降低土地资源的高成本投入。同时,强化优化发展,寻求新的发展模式;(2)经济发达地区优质耕地剧减,加强对现有优质耕地的保护成为土地利用战略抉择的重要方向;(3)为保障土地生态安全,建议利用生态指标进行土地资源宏观调控,以此提高建设用地利用效率和控制区域建设用地总量;(4)改革土地管理的体制、机制以及财税制度,构建地方政府保护耕地、高效利用建设用地的长效机制。研究结论:优化产业结构、提高土地利用效率、加大优质耕地保护力度、促进土地生态建设、加快土地管理体制机制改革是未来经济发达地区土地资源利用的战略重点。     

城镇化发展背景下贵州耕地保护效应评价

[目的]分析、研究、评价城镇化发展对耕地保护效应的影响。[方法]文章在对城镇化发展与耕地相关性分析的基础上,借助层次分析法和专家打分法确定指标权重,用定性与定量的方法研究城镇化发展对耕地保护效应,从而提出相应的耕地保护策略。[结果] 2005—2016年贵州省城镇化率不断上升,耕地面积则逐年下降,受城市建设用地面积不断扩张、城市土地低效利用等原因影响,导致贵州省城镇化率与耕地面积呈反向发展;贵州省城镇化发展对耕地保护效应呈现正面效应。其中,对耕地集约的效应影响显著,同时对耕地规模、耕地质量也有一定的正面作用,耕地集约程度、耕地规模与耕地质量变化趋势具有一致性,均表现出不断上升的过程。[结论]通过对城镇化发展对耕地保护的效应研究,据此提出落实土地总体规划,建立耕地保护预警系统、提高贵州省各族农民对耕地保护意识等建议。     

新型城镇化背景下城市土地整治内涵更新及模式重构

正党的十八大提出"走集约、智能、绿色、低碳的新型城镇化道路"。以提高城镇用地效率、完善城镇功能、推动城镇转型发展为核心目标的城镇建设用地整治——城市土地整治,将成为我国实现新型城镇化目标以及城镇经济社会可持续发展的有力工具。但我国城市土地整治在理论研究、技术规范、组织运作及相关政策等方面与新要求相比明显滞后。有必要系统梳理城市土地整治的由来、发展、内涵及其模式,以期对城市土地整治向纵深推进提供理论依据。     

“稳定”土地供应,为城镇化护航

城镇化是推动科学发展的战略选择,今后一二十年,我国城镇化仍将保持较快发展态势.如何在坚守耕地红线、保障国家粮食安全的同时,保障城镇化发展的必要用地,促进科学发展,是我们面临的重大课题. 放宽土地供应威胁到国家粮食安全和生态安全,这一点已形成社会共识.但减少土地供应也不利于城镇化健康发展.对此,我们提出稳定土地供应.首先,是基于快速增长的建设用地需求而言的,"稳定"意味着供需之间仍会存在一定差距,这有利于推进节约集约用地,促进经济发展方式和土地利用方式快速转变;其次,是就建设用地供应总量而言的,包括新增用地和存量调整两部分,新增用地不能满足合理需求的缺口部分,通过内涵挖潜、结构优化和布局调整来弥补;第三,是就长期和总体而言的,不同阶段、不同地方发展情况有差异,土地供应也应因时、因地制宜.     

提高城镇化质量必须深化土地制度改革

我国城镇化质量有待提高。目前需要重视的问题是：城市发展在占用土地方面节约集约程度低;经济结构问题突出;城市居民居住质量不高,中产阶层发育壮大的空间小;城乡人文景观水平不高;城市管理体制僵化,以上问题在不同程度上都与土地制度有关,深化土地制度改革有利于解决上述问题。今后要进行的改革主要是：第一,明晰土地产权,根据土地的公共性程度的差异,建立混合的或多元的土地所有制。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.