Study on Intensive Land Use of Nanning National Hi-Tech Development Zone

南宁高新区土地集约利用存在的主要问题是土地投入产出偏低,用地结构不够合理,土地集约利用潜力挖掘难度大,土地利用强度水平有待进一步提高.根据南宁高新区土地利用现状,明确产业定位,注重优化产业结构;实现高新区土地的内涵式增长;充分运用市场机制配置土地资源;建立土地集约利用的激励措施和约束机制.     

金口河区土地资源优化配置

合理利用有限的土地资源是实现区域可持续发展的重要内容。本文以乐山市金口河区为例,在土地利用现状和存在问题分析的基础上,应用线性规划法,根据土地总面积、人口总量、宏观计划和生态保护等约束条件,建立了土地利用结构优化模型,并对其优化结果进行了分析。研究表明:运用线性规划模型来配置土地资源,能够有效提高分析的科学性与合理性,减少不必要的人为干扰,为当地新一轮土地利用总体规划修编提供科学依据。     

武汉城市圈土地资源优化配置研究

研究目的:分析武汉城市圈土地利用现状,构建武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化模型,基于两型社会建设目标优选方案,以实现城市圈土地资源优化配置。研究方法:通过设置决策变量、建立约束方程,构建多目标模型;应用matlah软件和灰色预测方法等求解模型,获得土地利用结构调整方案;采用灰色关联分析方法选择最优方案。研究结果:在充分考虑土地利用与社会、经济和生态效益相互协调的情况下,建立土地利用结构优化方案评价指标体系,得到最优方案。研究结论:武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化方案兼顾各业用地需求,优化各类土地资源配置,符合两型社会目标的发展要求。     

2022年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2023年展望 ——土地资源利用与空间规划分报告

研究目的：综述2022年国内外土地资源利用与空间规划方面的研究进展，展望2023年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2022年国内研究主要集中在土地资源错配、节约集约用地政策与方法、土地绿色利用与低碳发展、土地利用生态环境效应、国土空间格局优化、土地发展权配置等方面；国外研究侧重基于水—能源—食物系统的土地优化配置、土地利用模拟与评价、土地利用低碳化转型、可持续发展下空间规划内容和方法等方面。研究结论：2022年土地资源利用与空间规划在土地资源配置、土地绿色低碳利用转型、土地利用生态环境效应、双碳目标下国土空间格局优化、土地发展权的配置和转移、空间规划理论和方法等研究方面取得了一定进展。2023年将重点关注土地资源配置的障碍因素与解决路径、节约集约用地技术模式创新、土地绿色利用实现机制、土地利用低碳化转型、土地多功能价值与生态评价、土地发展权的配置和转移、空间规划理论和方法创新、空间规划标准体系和立法体系完善等研究方向。     

重庆市农业结构调整与土地资源优化配置研究

通过对重庆市农业结构调整和土地资源优化配置的研究，意在改变重庆市大城市、大农村二元结构的现状，优化配置农地资源，促进社会经济可持续发展。研究方法：建立目标规划模型，以农林牧渔业生产活动为变量设置依据，设置16个变量，利用DPS数据处理系统，采用单纯形法求解。研究结果：依据3种不同标准的农产品需求量，从时间上、空间上合理配置各项用地比例，提出了温饱型、小康型、富裕型3种配置方案。研究结论：小康型配置方案将土地利用、农业结构现状和数学模型有效结合，并且考虑未来市场需求，具有较强的可操作性，到2020年重庆市的农业结构将得到进一步的优化。     

2021年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2022年展望 ——土地资源利用与空间规划分报告

研究目的：总结2021年国内外土地资源利用与空间规划方面的研究进展,展望2022年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2021年国内研究主要集中于土地资源优化配置、绿色低碳土地利用模式、土地利用转型、土地利用效率、国土空间规划体系建设和技术方法等方面;国外研究侧重于水土资源耦合研究、土地资源保护、跨学科土地利用数据应用和海洋空间规划等方面。研究结论：2021年土地资源利用与空间规划在土地资源优化配置、绿色低碳土地利用模式、土地效益评价方法、国土空间规划体系的理论和方法等方面取得了一定进展。2022年将重点关注土地要素配置优化、低碳土地利用模式、土地混合利用、国土空间规划新技术、乡村规划、规划公众参与机制等研究方向。     

基于生态安全的鄂西北山地丘陵区土地资源优化配置

基于生态学考量的土地资源优化配置是土地科学研究的热点,也是今后土地利用规划的一个关注重点。以鄂西北山地丘陵区的中心城市襄阳市为例,在生态安全导向下对土地资源优化配置进行研究。采用PSR模型建立指标体系,对襄阳市生态安全水平进行了综合评价,在此基础上,利用灰色线性规划方法,构建土地利用结构优化的数学模型,计算得到土地资源配置最优方案。研究结果表明:1襄阳市生态环境状况整体一般,生态安全水平处于"预警"状态;2不同生态效益目标条件下,可得到多个不同的土地资源优化配置方案,最优方案是综合考虑生态环境状况、耕地保护和粮食安全、社会经济发展需求等多个因素的结果;3基于生态安全的土地利用优化配置符合襄阳市社会经济发展和生态环境保护的需求,有利于土地资源的可持续利用。     

土地利用总体规划建设用地指标区域动态分配问题研究

研究目的:优化土地利用总体规划建设用地指标的区域配置。研究方法:对比分析法,多因素综合分析法和主成分分析法。研究结论:提出了土地利用总体规划建设用地指标区域动态分配的思路,通过对土地利用的综合效益进行及时监测和评价,动态调整建设用地指标,增强了建设用地指标区域分配的合理性,有助于发挥土地利用的比较优势,提高土地资源的区域配置效率,激励地方政府高效利用土地资源,实现区域土地利用总体福利的最大化。     

基于CA-Markov模型的哈尔滨市土地利用变化预测研究

[目的]研究土地利用变化特征并预测未来变化趋势,为土地资源合理利用提供科学的依据。[方法]以哈尔滨市为例,基于1992、2003和2014年3期遥感数据,建立以经济生态为主的转换规则,采用MCE模型、土地利用重心迁移模型和CA-Markov模型分析研究区22年土地利用动态变化特征,并对2025年土地利用变化进行预测。[结果](1)1992~2014年,耕地迅速减少,林地和水域波动变化,草地缓慢减少,建设用地由于耕地的转入不断扩张,未利用地大量转出成为耕地。耕地和建设用地重心具有明显的方向性移动,两者重心呈远离趋势。(2)试验得到的2014年土地利用结果和实际解译数据Kappa系数达0.878 0,表明转换规则的制定可行,模型可信度较高。(3)2014~2025年土地利用变化趋势较1992~2014年存在差异,耕地持续减少,且减少速度加快,林地基本处于动态平衡状态,草地空间位置变化活跃,水域面积增加,建设用地仍然保持增长。耕地重心加快向城市边缘区移动,建设用地重心向西南方向移动速度降低。[结论]运用CA-Markov模型对哈尔滨市土地利用变化进行科学合理的分析和预测,对哈尔滨市的土地资源的合理高效利用具有重要意义。     

土地资源配置如何影响城市经济效率 ——基于中国286个地级以上城市工业数据的实证检验

研究目的：讨论并检验大规模出让工业用地、限制性供给商住用地情景下土地资源配置如何影响城市经济效率。研究方法：固定效应模型和中介效应模型。研究结果：大规模出让工业用地、限制性供给商住用地的土地资源配置方式对城市经济效率存在持续抑制作用,并且该抑制作用具有明显的区域异质性和城市规模异质性;土地资源配置主要通过产业结构效应、技术创新效应和生态环境效应对城市经济效率产生影响,其中生态环境效应发挥的中介作用更为显著。研究结论：地方政府应因地制宜优化城市土地资源配置,改变用地评价标准,提高土地利用效率;更加注重产业结构转型升级,理性对待城市土地资源优化配置下经济结构服务化问题,实现经济发展和生态环境保护的双赢。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.