Methods and tools for integrated assessment of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries

For stimulating sustainable development in developing countries, land use patterns and land use changes are considered critical, and therefore effective and efficient land use policies are needed. In this paper we present a methodological framework that has been developed in a joint European and developing countries project (LUPIS – Land Use Policies and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries), to assess the impact of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries. An illustrative application is presented for a case study in China, where water pollution due to agriculture in Taihu Basin is a major problem.     

旅游地土地资源可持续利用探讨

随着旅游业的迅猛发展,旅游开发追求片面的经济利益,导致旅游地土地资源的利用出现诸多问题;旅游地土地资源可持续利用是指能够持续满足旅游业发展及当地社会发展的土地生产力和景观环境需要的土地利用,调查土地资源、进行土地利用规划、加强土地用途管制和公众参与是旅游地土地资源可持续利用的对策。     

太谷县土地资源可持续利用评价研究

从生产性、资源保护性、经济可行性、社会可接受性4个方面构建了太谷县土地可持续利用评价指标体系,采用了多目标决策突变模型和多目标线性加权函数法进行评价;评价表明,近几年来太谷县土地资源的可持续性不断提高,土地生产力水平和经济可行性对土地可持续利用的影响最大,但资源保护和社会可接受性制约着土地可持续利用。     

Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making

The paper aims to comprehensively analyze key issues of current land use in China. It identifies the major land-use problems when China is undergoing rapid urbanization. Then, the paper interprets and assesses the related land-use policies: requisition-compensation balance of arable land, increasing vs. decreasing balance of urban-rural built land, reserved land system within land requisition, rural land consolidation and economical and intensive land use. The paper finds that current policies are targeting specific problems while being implemented in parallel. There is lacking a framework that incorporates all the policies. The paper finally indicates the current land-use challenges and proposes strategic land-use policy system to guide sustainable land use in the future.     

近20年湖南省耕地变化及可持续利用研究

湖南省是全国的农业大省之一,选用GDP增长率、人口增长率和耕地面积减少率为主要分析指标,探讨了湖南省近20年来,经济、人口与耕地面积之间的关系:耕地减少的发生时间与经济发展的增长基本同步;针对耕地面临的一些问题提出了实现可持续利用的对策建议。     

基于生态足迹理论的哈尔滨市土地资源可持续利用研究

土地可持续利用是实现人类社会和经济可持续发展的重要基础;借鉴生态足迹法,并结合土地可持续发展理论,对哈尔滨市土地资源可持续利用进行了分析与评价。     

基于生态足迹与GIS的定西市土地可持续利用研究

基于可持续发展观点,运用生态足迹分析法并结合GIS技术对甘肃省定西市2000年,2002年和2004年的土地可持续利用度进行了实证研究。结果表明:彰县在这3年中生态足迹一直小于生态承载力,土地处于绝对可持续利用范围内;其余6县区一直处于生态赤字状态,但从总体上看定西市处于土地可持续利用增强态势。     

衡阳市城镇化进程中的土地可持续利用研究

研究了城镇化进程背景下衡阳市的土地利用变化的总体特征;衡阳市土地利用仍存在一些问题:耕地减少与人口增加的反差明显,人地矛盾日益尖锐;土地污染严重,环境恶化明显;土地利用协调度低,土地开发超强度和土地利用低集约化并存;人类经济活动频繁,人为水土流失增强;从制定科学的土地利用规划方案,协调耕地与建设用地的关系,保证农地质量不再下降,进一步提高土地利用率,有效防治水土流失等5方面提出促进衡阳市土地可持续利用的政策建议.     

土地利用规划中土地利用空间结构和布局研究进展

土地利用空间结构和布局是土地利用规划工作中的关键所在,是决定土地利用规划是否科学合理的重要步骤;开展土地利用空间结构和布局优化研究有利于促进土地资源利用的集约高效,有利于新一轮的土地利用规划修编的编制和实施;综述了目前我国土地利用空间布局相关理论的研究进展,回顾了土地利用空间布局所采取的主要技术和手段,对我国土地利用空间结构和布局研究进行了展望;研究表明：我国土地利用空间布局理论研究有了长足进展,但还未形成严密的科学理论体系;在研究视角上,多注重耕地和基本农田保护,在“统筹兼顾”“以人为本”“理性发展”等方面应加强;在研究方法上,应加强现代数学模型与计算机空间模拟等方法在土地利用规划布局中的应用研究,加强参与式土地利用规划理论和方法研究,与传统的规划研究方法和手段相结合,形成客观、准确、科学的土地利用规划技术体系。     

长江三角洲耕地资源态势与可持续利用

长江三角洲是我国经济最发达的地区之一,但随着经济的高速发展,耕地资源锐减,人地矛盾愈加突出,制约了经济的发展;分析了该区耕地资源的现状,提出了可持续利用对策,包括做好土地利用规划,加大土地执法力度;改造中低产田,合理开发利用土地后备资源;进一步调整农业产业结构,改善土地生态环境;加快城镇化建设步伐,提高土地利用效率;加强土地整理工作,保持耕地总量的动态平衡等。     

我国城市用地扩展与土地集约利用

分析了我国城市用地增长弹性系数和城市用地扩展幂指数规律,发现土地利用效益偏低、扩张速度偏快是目前我国城市用地扩展的主要特征;分析了城市用地扩展的主要驱动力,发现固定资产投资和人口增长是城市扩展的主要动力,而第三产业发展有助于抑制城市用地扩张;认为城市扩展是我国现阶段经济发展的必然结果,但我国城市土地利用应变外廷扩展为外延扩展和内涵挖潜相结合的利用方式,提高土地利用的集约度与综合效益.     

Joint problem framing in sustainable land use research: Experience with Constellation Analysis as a method for inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge integration

Land use is an important field of interest regarding sustainability transformations. Research projects which deal with the multiple dimensions of sustainable land use usually apply an inter- and transdisciplinary design and are confronted with challenges of integrating heterogeneous knowledge.In this paper we refer to experience we had during the ELaN project, which followed a systemic approach by linking research on water and land management. Due to this relatively uncommon approach it was necessary to bring together scientists and practical actors as well as distributed knowledge from different areas of expertise. Considering the heterogeneity of the actors it was of great importance to establish a shared understanding of the research problem the project was to deal with during the initial phase. For this step the method of Constellation Analysis (CA) was applied: a visualisation and analysis tool which aims at joint problem framing by focusing on the dominant elements of a social-ecological problem and their relations in a discursive process. Due to the size of the project team and the necessity to involve a broad range of actors, a group of scientists led the iterative process and prepared CA drafts which were validated by practitioners. This design can be categorised as ‘consulting’ rather than ‘participatory’ transdisciplinarity. Proceeding this way can be seen as a compromise between more intense forms of transdisciplinary exchange and forms that are manageable when considering time and resource constraints in third-party funded projects.CA has proven to be a suitable tool for organising processes of mutual understanding between heterogeneous actors and fostering social integration in inter- and transdisciplinary research groups. In ELaN the main benefit of the process was an adjustment and enrichment of problem framing which was formulated in the project proposal thus contributing to integrated system knowledge as a basis for the interdisciplinary project consortium and involved practitioners. The insights gained during this process led to changes in the design of some of the sub-projects as well as the targeted end products. This experience confirms the importance of a structured process of joint problem framing in inter- and transdisciplinary projects, especially for thematic fields of such high complexity as land use research.     

A constructability assessment method (CAM) for sustainable division of land parcels

Historically the land development process has lacked a decision support structure for evaluating undeveloped parcels of land for compatibility with land use policy and engineering constraints. This paper demonstrates an applied multi-criteria decision support structure for characterizing the spatial distribution and classification of a parcel’s potential to support residential lot construction. This support structure is based on parcel attributes quantified in a typical site feasibility report, to include: potential house yield, wetlands area, soil types, streams (surface drains), and steep slope areas. The analytical capabilities of geographic information system (GIS) are employed in the decision support structure named the constructability assessment method (CAM). CAM integrates a dynamic multi-criteria attribute assessment method, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), for a given set of administrative requirements, and engineering constraints and judgment.The results of a case study using CAM characterized the approximate location of ideal lots for homes construction in an R-1 zoning district located on a 1290 acre land parcel in Loudoun County, VA, while avoiding existing hydric soils, floodplains, steep slopes, and forested areas. The number of ideal lots for a given set of engineering and administrative constraints represented a 65% reduction from the maximum lots permitted by regulatory constraints alone. The methodology used in this case study provides a consistent and repeatable land parcel analysis technique for undeveloped land parcels, and can be adapted and/or extended to a number of similar publicly available geographic datasets and constraint. In estimating optimal development density, CAM meets the needs of zoning administrators as well as the developers, thus offering a demand-driven market-based solution for sustainable land development.     

城市化进程中土地持续利用评价指标体系研究

研究目的:建立科学的指标体系,评价城市化进程中土地持续利用实现的程度.研究方法:文献资料法和演绎法.研究结果:城市化进程中土地持续利用的目标可归结为耕地保护、用地结构优化和土地生态优化,可具体从粮食安全、城市体系合理性、城镇用地规模合理性、城镇内部用地合理性以及土地生态系统等几方面进行评价指标体系的构建.研究结论:上述指标体系是科学评价城市化进程中土地持续利用实现程度的工具.     

Changes in land use, land tenure, and landscape fragmentation in the Tijuana River Watershed following reform of the ejido sector

Changes in land use and land tenure can influence both physical fragmentation and ownership fragmentation of landscapes, with implications for biodiversity. In this study, we evaluated changes in land use and land tenure in the Tijuana River Watershed, a region of high biodiversity and endemism, following the implementation of a new Agrarian Law which allowed for privatization and sales of communal land (ejidos) beginning in 1992. In order to understand changes in land use and cover, we constructed maps from aerial photographs and Aster images and measured changes between 1994 and 2005. In order to understand changes in land tenure, we collected data from Mexican government sources on ejido land size, ownership, and sales, and we conducted 55 structured interviews with ejidatarios in the watershed. Our results demonstrate that land-use/cover change between 1994 and 2005 was dominated by an increase in urban area and grasslands, and a decrease in coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and, to a lesser degree, agriculture. In particular, the conversion of coastal sage scrub has left a far more fragmented landscape than existed in 1994. In addition, most of the ejidos in the watershed, as well as individuals interviewed, had participated in some stage of the land certification and titling process allowed by the new Agrarian Law, resulting in substantial changes in land tenure. However, land tenure security appeared to play a larger role than a desire to sell land and, contrary to studies from other regions, full title to the land was obtained in a range of urban and rural settings, rather than primarily on land closest to urban zones. Our results suggest that past predictions regarding future urban growth and fragmentation of native vegetation in the region have proven accurate and highlights regions of change that merit further study.     

南京市土地利用系统与产业结构的动态变化与关联

城市土地利用系统与城市发展和产业结构之间存在极为密切的关系;城市经济发展必然涉及产业结构的调整,产业结构调整过程实质是生产要素在空间的重新配置与组合,资金、劳力和技术都具有一定的移动性,而土地属于位置固定的生产要素,因此产业调整在空间上体现为土地利用结构的变化;对南京城市土地利用结构和产业结构进行了关联分析,并提出了城市发展的对策和措施。     

Modeling farm households for estimating the efficiency of policy instruments on sustainable land use in Haiti

Degradation of natural resources in Haiti has been a growing concern to foresters, environmentalists, and local populations. Various approaches based on “participatory”, “fines and taxes” and “command and control” regulations, have been unsuccessfully implemented to persuade farm households to adopt conservation measures. Negative impacts on the welfare of farmers limit the efficiency of these approaches for forest conservation. This paper investigates alternative solutions to the problem of deforestation of Haiti using linear programming (LP) models. More specifically, this study evaluates the role of various policy instruments on large-income farm households and low-income farm households’ welfare and forest conservation in Haiti. Data from 243 farmers inside the Forêt of the Forêt des Pins Reserve are used in the empirical analysis. Results suggest that agricultural subsidies tied to environmental conservation would promote a more sustainable resource use in Forêt des Pins Reserve.     

Collective livestock research for sustainable disease management in Mali and Burkina Faso

An international multi-disciplinary team of scientists, led by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), tackled the problem of bovine trypanosomosis and the development of drug resistance in West Africa, inter alia, by the promotion of rational drug use (RDU) principles. These principles had been brought to farmers by practical training and by the provision of information leaflets. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of RDU training at smallholder level with respect to advances in farmers' knowledge and farm productivity before research outputs could be scaled up. Therefore, 508 cattle farmers attended a disease-specific knowledge test and provided information about farm production. Results show that farmers who participated in the training are more likely to identify signs and causes of the disease and to correctly administer drugs. Allocating scores to each question in the knowledge tests and scrutinizing the differences between trained and untrained farmers by matching procedures shows that participating farmers reach higher scores in all knowledge categories. Moreover, the acquisition of additional knowledge and the application of improved control strategies significantly increase farm performance. Additionally, an allocative effect was identified since trypanocide expenditures were saved by less expensive inputs.     

重庆市万州区土地利用变化与粮食生产态势浅析

探讨万州区1997-2003年土地利用变化,尤其是耕地资源变化影响下该区粮食生产情况;运用Mapgis6．5对万州区土地利用结构与布局变化进行分析,应用Dps3．01逐步回归分析模块对耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食单产对粮食生产的影响进行分析;非农建设占用及生态退耕是导致万州区耕地数量和质量变化的主要因素;耕地面积与粮食总产量有一定的相关性,粮食播种面积与粮食总产量的相关性较强,而粮食单产与粮食总产量之间的相关性很强;根据万州区实际情况提出应通过建立耕地保护区,提高土地利用率和土地生产效率来保证粮食安全。