政府对收费公路经营企业的激励性规制研究

由于受经济区位的影响和经营规模的限制,现阶段我国收费公路经营企业总体经营效率低下,本文针对这一问题,提出政府规制机构应采取特许经营规制、路线竞争规制、直接竞争规制和社会契约规制,在收费公路经营市场引入竞争机制,促使公路经营企业通过降低运营成本、增加运营收入和提高管理效率等方式,优化资源配置,提高经营效率。     

两个下游企业情况下供应链中间产品转移价格突变分析

论文假设在上游有一个供应商、下游有两个分销商的二级供应链中。上游企业供给中间产品给下游分销商。在中闯产品单一定价和差别定价两种定价方式下．分别构建了中闯产品转移价格的非线性模型。在单一定价策略下,运用尖点突变模型研究了转移价格的突变行为：在差别定价策略下,运用双曲脐点突变模型研究了转移价格的突变行为。     

信息商品差别定价分析

本文通过对信息商品特点的分析,立足于市场价值规律,提出对信息商品应进行差别定价 ;并对如何形成“差别”进行了分析 ,初步建立了数学模型 ,用以对信息商品差别定价进行优化。     

电信行业的非线性定价竞争对消费者行为及社会福利的影响

中国电信行业经过重组进入了三寡头垄断的局面,在这样的局势下寡头厂商的竞争将会对消费者行为及社会福利产生怎样的影响?产业规制者又应该采用什么样的政策来改善社会福利呢?以下将分析在两部收费制的情况下消费者如何做出决策以及寡头厂商的非线性定价竞争对消费者行为及社会福利的影响。     

试论城市住房市场失灵与政府规制

我国城市住房市场是一个垄断竞争市场。房地产开发商数量较少,住房是有差别的同种产品,土地由政府独家供给,住房需求中有大量的投机需求,由此决定着住房市场价格高于边际成本,均衡量少于最优数量,市场机制不能有效配置资源。政府规制住房市场的基本思路是,构建商品房市场和保障房市场,管控开发商定价行为和购房者投资性需求。     

差别定价策略在高等教育收费中的实证研究

将差别定价策略运用于高等教育收费,这是一种探索。本文论证了差别定价策略在高等教育收费中的可行性,分析了它的必要性,并强调了它的适用范围和运用原则。在此基础上,分别以高等院校、专业、消费者为视角,对差别定价展开实践性研究。     

转让定价的实质及转让定价争议解决

本文运用案例分析和法律推理对转让定价行为进行研究,认为对于关联企业间的转让定价行为的性质不应一概而论,应看其交易是否符合正常交易原则,即转让定价是一种中性税收行为.然后,从经济与法律两个角度分析了转让定价的产生与解决问题.     

转让定价的实质及转让定价争议解决

本文运用案例分析和法律推理对转让定价行为进行研究,认为对于关联企业间的转让定价行为的性质不应一概而论,应看其交易是否符合正常交易原则,即转让定价是一种中性税收行为。然后,从经济与法律两个角度分析了转让定价的产生与解决问题。     

信息不对称条件下垄断企业的最优二级差别定价

实施二级差别定价,就是将产品分成若干数量组,按组制定不同的价格,其实质是实施数量差别定价,消费者购买的数量越多,支付的边际价格就越低。文中以"累积边际剩余"作为分析工具,建立了"边际定价、区间计费、套餐销售"的离散型最优二级差别定价模型,建立了由"控制方程"和"边际定价函数"组成的连续型最优二级差别定价模型,进而阐释了套餐定价的原理,证明了"最优套餐定价和最优分部定价的极限状态是连续型最优二级差别定价"。     

收费公路购建支出的 不同资产确认方法分析

经营性收费公路与政府还贷性收费公路是我国收费公路的两种经营方式.收费公路购建支出在资产确认上应如何处理?本文在分析收费公路路产特点的基础上对两种经营方式与取得的特许经营权价格进行比较,并就实务处理中的差异原因进行分析.     

Efficient Congestion Tolls in the Presence of Unpriced Congestion: A Peak and Off-Peak Simulation Model

This paper develops a congestion pricing model to examine efficient congestion tolls for an urban highway facility that resembles California State Route 91, the highway that has been subject to congestion tolls since December 27, 1995. Two lanes out of six (each way) are subject to congestion tolls, and the other four lanes are not. The simulation model combines the economic theories of second-best pricing of transportation facilities and peak-load pricing, and considers both welfare-maximizing and profit-maximizing cases. The simulation results show that the second-best peak period toll is quite low and that the welfare gains from the toll are modest compared to a regime in which all lanes are subject to tolls.     

小议公路工程造价管理中清单计价模式的运用

在工程量清单计价与传统的定额计价方式的区别的基础上,阐述了推行工程量清单计价模式对公路工程造价管理的影响与应用。     

Optimal highway design and user welfare under value pricing

This paper investigates the optimal design of highways operated under a form of congestion pricing called value pricing. Value pricing involves dividing a highway into free and priced lanes so that in equilibrium the highway effectively operates at two levels of service, with those users placing a higher value on travel time savings selecting the faster, priced route. A tractable analytical framework is developed which allows analysis of equilibrium and welfare on value priced highways when users vary in their value of time. The model is used to characterize optimal toll and capacity policies, as well as investigate the fiscal implications of value pricing. The analysis concludes with results on how welfare changes induced by value pricing are distributed over the population of users when the government finances any funding shortfall through a non-discriminatory taxing mechanism. A realistic numeric example is used to illustrate how the model can be applied to evaluation of actual and proposed value pricing implementations.     

Auto pollution and congestion in an urban model: An analysis of alternative strategies

Congestion and pollution externalities associated with automobile driving are examined for their effect on urban structure. A monocentric urban model which incorporates household preferences for both an unpolluted environment and for leisure time is presented, and used to evaluate alternative pricing and emissions policies on automobile use and their effects on city structure. Optimal tax gradients for driving are derived, and compared with second best cases of per mile taxes and no taxes. As externalities gradients become more nonlinear, the welfare gains from employing optimal taxes rather than a per mile tax are increased. The appropriate choices of an emission standard, highway capacity, and highway pricing policy must be made simultaneously and depend on household preferences.     

Alternative congestion pricing schedules

It is important that alternative congestion pricing schedules are compared with respect to a broad spectrum of their effects. This paper uses an equilibrium simulation model of peak-period commuting along an urban highway to compare quantitatively both positive and normative effects of six congestion pricing schedules. Three of these schedules have been investigated qualitatively in the literature; the others are new. The results indicate that flat tolls are favored over smoothly varying tolls for revenue generation or increase in vehicle occupancy, but are disfavored for efficiency maximization, increase in consumer surplus, or reduction in congestion delays.     

公路工程报价编制与投标策略

在公路工程项目投标过程中,为了顺利中标,投标报价起着关键性作用。本文通过阐述投标报价的编制,同时提出相应的投标策略,以及常用的调价手法等,进而为竞标企业参与招标提供参考依据。     

Peak-Load Pricing of a Bottleneck with Traffic Jam

This paper generalizes the model of bottleneck congestion such that formation and development of traffic jams is explicitly formulated. The model is applied to the peak-load problem for the morning rush hour: every morning, a fixed number of commuters travel across a roadway, and each of them chooses departure time to minimize commuting cost consisting of travel time cost, scheduling cost, and toll. Equilibrium and optimal patterns of departure are solved and optimal peak-load toll is derived. Incorporating traffic jams alters the earlier results in the literature. That is, road users may be better off from paying the optimal peak-load toll. Conditions under which such a result is obtained are identified by simulations.     

公路工程施工投标报价技巧

文章结合工作经验对施工企业在公路工程施工投标活动中,应注意的哪些问题、如何确定投标报价、以及投标报价的策略和常用的方法等进行了分析、探讨。     

A generalized congestion function for highway travel

Urban planners designing the optimal scale and pricing of highway services must pay close attention to the choice of the functional form used to describe the relationship between highway speed and the volume of roadway traffic. This congestion relationship is a crucial empirical fact for planning. While past work have posited a variety of speed-volume models, no successful efforts have been made to statistically compare the different specifications. This paper presents a generalized congestion function (GCF) which allows us to select the preferred (by a maximum likelihood criterion) speed-volume specification. The most prominent previous speed-volume models are all shown to be special cases of GCF. Failure to use the GCF approach may be very costly. For example, in the design of highway tolls the switch from the optimal GCF specification to a statistically “second-best” model may lead to a consumer surplus loss of $1 million annually for a typical urban area.     

The effect of government highway spending on road users' congestion costs

Policymakers attempt to reduce the growth of congestion by spending billions of dollars annually on our road system. We evaluate this policy by estimating the determinants of congestion costs for motorists, trucking operations, and shipping firms. We find that, on average, one dollar of highway spending in a given year reduces the congestion costs to road users only eleven cents in that year. We also find that even if the allocation of spending were optimized to minimize congestion costs that it still is not a cost-effective way to reduce congestion. We conclude the evidence strengthens the case for road pricing.