数据信托参与数据治理:理论逻辑与实现机制

基于数据流通场景的数据治理和数据权利保护,以个人对个人信息/数据的绝对控制权为理论基础;这种个人绝对赋权模式忽视信息/数据的社会属性和公共属性,不能充分发挥信息/数据的价值。传统信托制度参与数据治理与信托当事人理论和信托财产理论等方面存在抵牾。当前实在法体系下,综合运用法律解释等法律方法能够为数据信托参与数据治理提供制度可能。由传统信托理论出发,对未来数据信托制度的建构必须基于数据收集阶段和数据流通阶段的具体区分,数据流通阶段是数据信托发生的主要场景;可以采取修改法律以及出台司法解释等方式更新传统信托理论,使之更加契合数据时代对数据权利保护的根本目的。     

东亚视角的认识论意义

中国社会既定的三种东亚视角具有一个共同特征,就是其高度抽象性。这使得它们具有某种脱离历史的静态性质,从而无法处理历史过程中的种种差异,也无法应对历史的流动性。在现代历史过程中,东亚社会存在着显著的不均衡状态。这种不均衡状态突出地表现为东亚论述在东亚地区不同社会里并不具有同等的思想功能。形成东亚不同社会之间历史差异的一个重要的因素是冷战。一方面,东亚是美苏在冷战时期的重要战场,这意味着东亚论述难以无视冷战历史;另一方面,东北亚部分区域恰恰又在抗衡冷战结构的意义上履行了自己的历史功能,这意味着东亚论述与冷战视角并不一致。     

Emerging from the Hobbesian jungle: Might takes and makes rights

The conflict over scarce resources in the Hobbesian jungle may be avoided if rules of obligation delineating property rights develop along with institutions of governance. One possibility is a “duress contract” as the strongest individual threatens others who agree to enslavement. Thus, “might takes rights.” Alternatively, individuals with similar capacities for violence may enter a “consent contract” establishing rules of obligation and then voluntarily participating in governance. They will not agree to a rights assignment that produces less wealth than they expect through violence, however, so “might makes rights.” A might-takes-and-makes-rights analysis is outlined to explain the continuum of legal institutions and property rights allocations that can evolve between these two extremes of duress and consent. Increasingly finely delineated private property rights tend to evolve under institutions produced by consent contracts, while common pool problems tend to arise near the duress contract end of the spectrum. This paper draws from a larger project on “The Evolution of Law” which has been supported by the Earhart Foundation. Discussions with and comments by Randy Holcombe, Kevin Reffit, and two anonymous referees led to significant improvements in the development and presentation of the arguments, as did discussant comments on a related paper made by Douglas Ginsburg and participants in the Friedrich August von Hayek Symposium on “Competition Among Institutions” in Freiburg, Germany, June 1–4, 1994, sponsored by the International Institute at George Mason University and the Walter Eucken Institute, Freiburg.     

Russia’s food self-sufficiency and food security: an assessment

The article differentiates between self-sufficiency and food security. The impact of Russia’s 2014 food embargo on the food system and food trade is analysed. Domestic production has increased and Russia has become more self-sufficient in food and seafood. In addition, food trading partners have changed. Western food and seafood trading partners have been replaced by trading partners from Asia and Central Asia. There is a high likelihood that the Russian food market has been lost to Western exporters for the foreseeable future. Even after sanctions and countersanctions end, it is difficult to see the pathway for Western food exporters to recapture market share in Russia.     

Property and contract rights in autocracies and democracies

We present and test empirically a new theory of property and contract rights. Any incentive an autocrat has to respect such rights comes from his interest in future tax collections and national income and increases with his planning horizon. We find a compelling empirical relationship between property and contract rights and an autocrat's time in power. In lasting—but not in new—democracies, the same rule of law and individual rights that ensure continued free elections entail extensive property and contract rights. We show that the age of a democratic system is strongly correlated with property and contract rights.     

The Institutional Prerequisites for Post-Conflict Reconstruction

A successful post-conflict reconstruction is characterized by a self-sustaining liberal political, economic and social order that does not rely on external support. It is argued that the extent of reconstructed orders is constrained by their institutional prerequisites. These prerequisites—a shared ideology and ethic of individual and private property rights, a commitment to markets and the rule of law—are fundamental. Without these preconditions to serve as a foundation, reconstructed liberal orders will fail to be self-sustaining over time. It is argued that the viability of a shared ideology and ethic, and hence success, is directly dependent on the extent of horizontal ties in the post-conflict country. The main conclusion is that societies lacking adequate horizontal ties will require a high level of continual intervention and reconstruction efforts will have a lower probability of success.JEL classification: O20, P11, P16, Z13     

Location and Pollution in a Communal Society

The model presented in this paper attempts to explain the recent trend among Australian Aboriginals in remote Australia to abandon large settlements in favour of much smaller decentralized settlements. The model does, however, have implications for modern Western societies. Aboriginals are assumed to like money and non-money income, stability of income, nearness to a place of significance and a low degree of private property rights, and to dislike pollution when interpreted broadly. Each of these determinants of werfare is expressed as a function of location and degree of private property rights alone and a utility function is maximized with respect to these two variables. The impact on the optimal location and property rights decision of a number of recent changes is then considered.     

Governance during Social Transformations: Challenges for Africa

The governance advice that is offered to Africa usually identifies a list of ‘good governance’ goals like stable property rights, a rule of law, low corruption and government accountability as preconditions for development. These goals are difficult to implement not only because they are expensive public goods but in addition their enforcement is typically at variance with powerful interests in the political settlements of developing countries. The historical evidence and much institutional theory suggests that during their social transformations successful developing countries had a different set of ‘developmental’ or ‘growth-enhancing’ governance capabilities that enabled their states to support critical property rights transformations and assist firms in acquiring and learning to use new technology. The institutions and policies they used differed because their political and institutional starting points were different. There are therefore no blueprints for Africa or anywhere else, but certainly the good governance menu is unrealistic. Rather African countries have to experiment and develop institutional and policy solutions that work in their context and which are appropriate for transforming property rights and accelerating technology adoption.     

制度因素与东亚双边贸易:贸易引力模型的实证分析

银行与金融、政府干预、黑市活动、资本流动与外国投资、货币政策对东亚经济体出口贸易有重要影响,银行与金融、政府干预、产权、政府负担对东亚经济体进口贸易有重要影响。提高政府干预质量,积极合理地引进国际直接投资,建立并完善公正廉洁高效的司法体系应成为东亚经济体各政府未来重要的政策取向。     

研发创新是股权激励与企业价值的桥梁吗？——基于中国创业板上市公司的实证分析

为探索研发创新在股权激励与企业价值作用过程中的桥梁作用,将股权激励、研发创新、企业价值纳入一个统一的分析框架,构建了股权激励通过研发创新作用于企业价值的中介效应模型,并运用2011—2014年中国颁布并已实施股权激励方案的创业板上市企业的数据进行检验。研究发现:股权激励对企业价值具有正向影响,部分是通过研发创新的中介作用来传导实现的,且这一影响存在时滞性,滞后效应显著期为2年;国有企业研发创新对股权激励与企业价值关系的中介效应没有非国有企业显著,国有企业需进一步明确国有企业产权,降低国有比例,明晰资本的产权,优化公司治理结构,提高公司治理效率,促进企业长远发展。     

家族企业治理模式的国际比较及其对中国的启示

美英两国在保留家族企业最终控制权的同时,有选择地将现代公司制度的优势融入家族企业,形成了比较成熟、规范的企业治理模式;日、德两国家族企业家族色彩浓厚,以保障相关者利益的思想与人本主义的融合为基础,是一种内部监控型模式;东南亚包括韩国、香港、台湾等国家或地区在儒家家族传统观念基础上,建立了以家族为代表的控股股东主权模式.比较分析三种模式的共异点,对我国家族企业的治理和发展可以得出诸多重要的启示.     

国有企业新型公司治理结构问题及改革探析

国有企业公司治理结构的完善一直是改革的重点之一。随着国企现代企业制度的确立,这一问题从形式上可以说已经得到解决。然而,2004年一系列问题的出现充分说明,公司治理结构在国企中还未真正确立,或者说是出现了一些新的问题。国有公司治理低效的根源是产权问题,因此,只有在产权改革的基础上才能建立真正有效的公司治理结构。     

数据要素市场培育：法律难题、域外经验与中国方案

数字经济时代,数据继土地、劳动力、资本、技术之后成为第五大生产要素。目前我国数据权属确定的法律制度不够完善,数据要素市场交易的法律制度尚未建立,数据要素市场监管的法律制度不够健全,这都制约了我国数据要素市场发展。为了培育数据要素市场,应以数据生产者与数据处理者为划分标准,建立“数据生产者（扩展权利)—数据处理者（有限产权)”的数据产权制度;以“降低制度成本—减少交易成本”的思路完善数据要素市场交易相关规则;以“事前预防与事后规制相结合”的方式完善数据要素市场监管法律制度。     

中国企业产权改革浅析

在西方现代产权制度理论的基础上,剖析中国现代企业在产权制度改革上的不足,进一步探讨在新经济中,如何深化对国有产权制度的改革,塑造符合社会主义市场经济的又有活力的国有资产产权结构,以及充分认识私营企业在产权发展中的弊端,如何帮助私营企业引进先进的现代产权管理方式,打破现有的产权束缚,完善企业治理机制,发挥私营企业的巨大潜力。     

金融支持国防知识产权成果转化问题及策略研究

国防知识产权成果转化应用是国防科技创新体系建设落地见效的关键环节,引入现代金融体系能够有效促进国防知识产权成果转化。目前我国国防知识产权转化工作在组织管理体制、工作运行体系、法规政策制度和信息化建设等方面初显成效,但仍面临整体转化形势不容乐观、金融支持体系尚未成熟等问题,根本原因在于国防知识产权与发明人割裂导致一般金融产品难以通过审核,使融资渠道狭窄;其保密性进一步加大了与金融机构间的信息不对称,使得金融资源配置效率低下;国防知识产权专用性较强,相应抬高了融资成本。为有效解决上述问题,提出3条改进措施,以实现对国防知识产权转化的金融支持,即①从顶层设计上优化解密脱密流程,明确发明人与知识产权的权属关系,细化财税优惠等支持措施;②加强政府财政税收政策支持,引导创新利用多元社会资本进入支持转化领域;③建立各主体参与的金融服务协调保障机制、监测评估体系,启动国防知识产权转化的金融支持试点工作,构建符合国情的国防知识产权转化金融支持体系。     

21世纪：国企改革的出路

我国国有企业的改革大体上经历了放权让利、转换经营机制和制度创新三个阶段。但至今为止, 国有企业仍然没有摆脱困境。其主要原因在于影响国有企业改革的四个根本性问题即国有经济战略性调整的思路问题、国有企业改革的方向问题、国有企业产权改革的核心问题与国有企业建立现代企业制度过程中的公司治理模式问题没有得到很好的解决。只有解决这些根本性的问题, 并辅之以相关的配套改革措施, 才能真正搞活国有企业。     

论全面深化财税体制改革背景下事权和支出责任分离

原有分税制改革受各种因素制约,制度框架继承了各级政府间原有的支出事项,与事权的关联考虑不多,缺乏明晰的事权和支出责任规范划分的政治机制,同时政府间财政收入的分配格局并未伴随财政职能的下放而发生根本性变革,产生了政府间事权、支出责任、财权、财力不相适应的矛盾,引致事权重叠交叉、事权与支出责任分离、事权与财权不匹配、事权与财力不确定等问题,带来制度激励偏离公共性和治理失效的风险,亟待全面深化财税体制改革,建立事权和支出责任相适应的制度,以更好发挥中央和地方两个积极性,促进政府治理整体效能最大化。     

科技创新治理能力对治理绩效的影响研究

以系统论思想为指引，遵循要素-结构-功能的分析范式，从科技创新治理能力发展的水平结构和外部性结构两个方面入手，就科技创新治理能力对科技创新治理绩效的作用机理进行逻辑推演。结合中国科技创新治理体系治理能力发展现状，对治理绩效低下的形成机理进行系统探讨，结果表明：科技创新治理能力的强度结构是决定科技创新治理绩效的关键，而科技创新治理体系整体治理能力水平偏低、内部结构失衡是导致现行科技创新治理绩效低下的根源。与此同时，科技创新治理能力外溢效应在不同方向上的非对称性加剧了科技创新治理能力的结构性失衡，阻碍了科技创新治理能力的整体性提升，抑制了科技创新治理绩效有效增长。因此，应加快转变治理理念，逐步构建以“创新链”为核心的现代科技创新治理模式；增强微观治理能力，构建开放包容的科技创新管理服务体系；提升中观治理能力，实行科技创新管理机构垂直管理；优化治理环境，将知识产权法律制度环境和科技交易市场环境营造纳入科技创新管理服务体系，逐步构建与现代科技创新治理理念相匹配的科技创新管理部门地方政府官员政绩考评体系。     

Rights,governance, and foreign direct investment: an industry-level assessment

Theories of multinational enterprises emphasize that foreign direct investment (FDI) is undertaken in different industries for different reasons, yet studies of the effects of rights and governance on FDI generally rely on aggregate-level FDI data. This paper evaluates US FDI outflows to 15 industries (eight manufacturing, seven non-manufacturing) in 54 countries in a linear dynamic panel data gravity FDI model using a ‘system’ generalized method of moments estimator and several widely used rights and governance indexes. At the aggregate level, we estimate that stronger rights and governance have a positive effect on FDI, consistent with most prior studies. At the industry level, we estimate larger positive effects of rights and governance on FDI for service than manufacturing industries, particularly for the information and the finance and insurance industries.     

所有制、制度环境与公司治理效率

资本所有制作为资本所有权的制度安排是企业有效治理的前提条件。企业治理制度的形成具有路径依赖的特性 ,是与各个国家和企业所处的环境因素分不开的。在既定的经济技术和制度环境下 ,只要企业所有权安排得当 ,任何与其经济技术和制度环境相适应的资本所有制形式都是可以有效的。衡量治理效率的标准是治理成本的最小化或治理主体收益的最大化。为了提高治理效率 ,我国应根据不同企业的情况适时进行治理制度的改革和创新 ,并努力创造适于企业生存的制度环境。