养老护理人员胜任素质指标体系构建与应用——基于396名养老护理人员的调查

随着我国人口老龄化步伐的加快,如何完善养老服务体系,提供社会化、多层次养老服务成为我国当前亟待解决的社会热点问题。提高养老护理人员素质和保障服务水平,是推进我国养老服务体系发展的关键。构建养老护理人员胜任素质指标体系,能够为政府部门制定养老护理人员培育政策及其职业生涯发展提供指导、为加强养老服务人力资源开发与管理提供科学的依据。以胜任素质模型为理论依据,运用文献回顾、行为事件访谈法编制养老护理人员调查量表,针对济南、青岛6家养老机构396名养老护理人员的问卷调查数据,采用探索性因子分析和结构方程模型,构建并检验了养老护理人员的胜任素质指标体系。研究结果表明:养老护理人员胜任素质指标体系主要由护理基本知识、照护技能、个人特质、职业道德与认同感4个维度的26项胜任素质特征构成。从每个维度的影响效应分析,影响最大的是照护技能,其后依次为护理基本知识、个人特质、职业道德与认同感。基于该指标体系,分别从完善养老护理人员的招聘选拔机制、培训机制、考核激励机制三方面提出了拓宽招聘渠道扩大招聘群体、设置合理选拨标准、加强培训内容开发、增设培训可选择方案及实景模拟评价方式等养老护理人员胜任素质提升路径。     

城乡老年人医疗消费行为及其影响因素分析——以泰州市海陵区为例

论文为了了解影响老年人医疗消费行为的多层次原因,并据此对老年人医疗消费改善提供针对性的建议,随机抽取泰州市海陵区416名常住老年人,进行医疗消费行为及影响因素的调查,同时采用SPSS软件进行描述分析、卡方检验等分析。结果显示,泰州市海陵区老年人去医疗机构就诊占60.6%,去药店买药占34.4%,先不治疗占5%。卡方检验结果显示影响因素主要有户籍、年龄、收入以及受教育水平、市场环境。因此,泰州市海陵区老年人医疗消费行为以去医疗机构就诊为主,医疗消费行为主要受户籍、年龄、收入、受教育水平等因素的影响。老年人的身体健康状况较差,患慢性病的老年人较多,对医疗保健的需求较大,应大力发展老年医疗服务行业,提高老年医疗资源的有效供给。     

PURPOSE-BUILT RETIREMENT HOUSING FOR SALE

Sheltered housing for the elderly has traditionally been provided by local authorities and charitable organizations but it seems that they can no longer meet the housing needs of this group. In the last few decades, there has been a significant rise in home-ownership amongst retired people. Two features of this are important. First, those retired people who have been used to owning their own homes may be unwilling to consider somewhat institutional types of housing. Second, as a group, although eligible for specialist retirement housing provided by local authorities and charitable agencies, elderly owner-occupiers find it nearly impossible to qualify for such accommodation as they are not considered to be in need. Recently there has been a move by the private sector to provide purpose-built accommodation for sale to the elderly. How far the needs of the elderly can be met by this type of housing was investigated in two related studies. The first involved interviewing a sample of residents living in sheltered accommodation, while the second study surveyed respondents of retirement age at present living in ordinary housing. The investigation has shown that a considerable demand exists for purpose-built housing for sale to the elderly.     

互联网环境下老年科技教育体系研究与实践

随着信息技术和互联网技术的兴起和突飞猛进，老年人被卷入信息化的浪潮中，互联网对老年教育的作用和地位愈加凸显。“十四五”时期，中国老龄化加速发展并叠加疫情防控常态化，对老年科技教育提出更高的要求，构建适应互联网环境的老年科技教育体系已迫在眉睫。文章基于新冠肺炎疫情防控常态化和人口老龄化的时代背景，对老年科技教育体系建设中存在的突出问题进行分析，从国家政策、社会发展和群体需要多个角度阐述了老年科技教育面临的机遇和挑战，提出“平台+课程+师资+空间+服务”五位一体的老年科技教育体系建设方案并进行实践，为黑龙江省的老年科技教育的发展提供一定的参考价值。     

Änderungen an der Grundsicherung im Alter statt unsystematischer Rentenkonzepte

There is discussion in Germany about the future threat of widespread poverty among the elderly. Some argue that the social pension system will not be able to provide sufficiently for low-wage workers. At the same time, applying for welfare payments is seen as unfair in light of the lifetime achievements of the elderly. There are two basic approaches to deal with these concerns: adjusting the rules for welfare payments or changing the social pension system. Present proposals prove to be inadequate. Proposals to reform the social pension system in particular are inconsistent with basic principles. I present a proposal that will provide the right incentive while respecting the fundamental structure of the system. All other income arising from retirement provisions should be only partially credited against the welfare claim.     

Challenges to elderly safety in Safe Community movements in Japan

In Japan, with the longest life expectancy in the world over the last two decades, a great emphasis has been placed on the safety of the elderly, which has in turn influenced their well-being. Meantime, the concept of Safe Community (SC) has drawn more attention as one of the potential measures to sustain and improve the health conditions of the elderly. In hope of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of current efforts for elderly safety, the SC model is expected to provide features with which communities can make the better use of current limited resources. This article examines how the SC model makes a difference in these efforts by utilising existing programmes and how elderly safety can be promoted at the community level. Six communities working safety promotion based on the SC model were selected for the study. Although there are limitations to the information due to the insufficient experience in SC in Japan, it was found that two features make SC significant in promoting safety: (1) systematic evidence-based plan-do-check-action processes and (2) a framework of cross-sectoral collaboration. However, to examine and identify the effectiveness of SC on elderly health, further observation is required to develop strategies while accumulating longitudinal data.     

Barriers to Elderly Consumers’ Use of Support Services: Community Support in Japan’s Super-Aged Society

ABSTRACT

Rural areas need support services to help elderly people sustain their ordinary lives, especially in light of today’s aging societies. In Japan, nonprofit organizations and residents’ associations, which are based in local relationships, provide support services aimed at helping the elderly with their daily buying behavior. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the barriers preventing the use of such support services. We collect 133 respondents from semi-structured interviews through door-to-door visits using snowball sampling to show that there are three such barriers: lifestyle, capability, and trust. Furthermore, we discussed measures to reduce these barriers using our results of correlation analysis and analysis of variance. Our findings have implications for a new direction in social marketing for elderly people. As societies continue to age and highly accessible services become ever more necessary, the insights of our study will be applicable not only in Japan but across the world.     

关于完善中国新型农村居民养老保险体系的研究（英文）

在中国,农民是一个数量庞大的弱势群体。农村的公共服务建设落后于城市,尤其是在养老保障方面。为农民提供社会保护和保障其生活质量,有利于在农村和城市地区减少贫困、改善老年生活状况。2009年,在中国建立了新型农村居民养老保险体系。本研究旨在为中国的政策制定者提供参考。为此本研究采用了四轮德尔菲法,以探讨中国新型农村居民养老保险体系中可以完善的领域,以及这些领域的优先次序。     

Consumer rights of the elderly as vulnerable consumers in South Africa: some comparative aspects of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008

Although consumer protection is not a new concept in South African law, the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) now provides for a much more comprehensive and encompassing mechanism to protect consumers. Consumers are protected, not only in the provision of goods and services, the conclusion of contracts but also in the promotion and marketing thereof. The CPA further provides special protection to a particular type of consumer which is the vulnerable consumer and includes elderly consumers. Importantly, and for the first time in the history of South African law, the consumer is provided with eight core fundamental consumer rights. As this contribution is an attempt to provide an interdisciplinary analysis from a legal perspective, identification of what is considered to be an ‘elderly' consumer, needs to be assessed by referring to relevant empirical studies from both an international as well as South African perspective. The focus of this study is on the protection of the elderly as a category of vulnerable consumers in terms of the CPA. The investigation will attempt to show that the elderly is protected in terms of all eight of the fundamental consumer rights within the CPA. Special reference will be made to two fundamental rights of the consumer in terms of the CPA. First, the elderly consumer's right to equality in the consumer market (Part A of the CPA) which provides additional protection as the CPA also refers to the Constitutional right to equality. Second, the elderly consumer's the right to fair and responsible marketing (Part E of the CPA) which in terms of the research is compared with the EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. Certain problems regarding elderly consumers are identified and the importance of consumer rights as well as the implementation of the correct consumer policy is argued.     

城市老年人口健康与医疗状况比较研究—以天津市和上海市为例

对天津和上海两市老年人口的健康与医疗状况等问题进行了探讨.超前的城市人口老龄化使老年人口的生理和心理健康问题日益严重,同时由于传统的医疗体制的束缚,老年人口的医疗保障水平仍相对较低.必须建立适应人口老龄化需要的医疗保健运行机制和医疗模式,制定科学合理的老年人健康计划,逐步建立以家庭为依托,以社区为主体的老年供养、护理和医疗服务体系和网络,以促进老年人口的健康与医疗卫生状况的进展.     

Food Expenditure and Nutrient Availability in Elderly Households

A model of food expenditure and nutrient consumption is developed and estimated using the data from the elderly supplemental survey to the 1977–78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Results provide strong evidence that elderly households make concurrent decisions on food budgets and nutritional needs. In addition to other socioeconomic and demographic factors, the Food Stamp Program has had significant impact on food expenditure and nutritional well-being of elderly households.     

日本“购物难民”的产生、影响及启示

人口老龄化已经成为影响经济发展的全球性问题。日益严峻的老龄化问题,引发了如何为老年人提供相应的生活照料、满足其日常生活需求等经济社会问题。商业设施大型化和郊区化、城市中心商业街空洞化、近邻型的商业设施减少以及私家车的普及均是日本“购物难民”问题产生的原因,并对日本零售业的发展产生影响。为缓解“购物难民”问题,日本政府高度重视,各部门分别制定并实施不同政策,在资金、交通、商业规划等方面解决老年消费群体购物难的问题;零售企业积极参与,采用灵活的经营策略,有针对性地满足老年人的需求;非营利组织帮助零售企业解决痛点问题,提高商品运输和配送效率,发挥会员机制的作用,及时把新鲜健康的食材送到老年消费者手中;政府、零售企业和非营利组织共同构建了为不同层次老年消费者提供服务的协同合作系统。借鉴日本经验,应该认识到我国人口老龄化的严峻性,预测并重视“购物难民”等问题的到来:在政府宏观调控层面,引导开发老年消费市场,完善商业布局;在企业微观经营层面,构建适应老年市场需求的经营战略,创新经营方式,开发新的经营业态;进而构建由市场主导、政府引导、企业作为主力军的“购物难民”问题应对体系。     

Trust,Commitment, and Older Women: Exploring Brand Attachment Differences in the Elderly Segment

Understanding older adults’ product consumption behavior is of high importance to consumer and marketing research. Prior studies have mainly focused on older adults’ cognitive decline and compared their behavior to that of younger consumers. A neglected area of research has been older consumers’ brand attachment that is associated with potential differences between consumers in their fifties and in their seventies. In this article, the authors provide insights into the under‐researched field of elderly women's brand attachment. Drawing on socioemotional selectivity theory, a shift toward emotional aspects in brand relationships is proposed. A model involving trust and commitment processes is developed and empirically tested in a survey among 341 older women. Moderator analyses reveal significant differences between the “younger elderly” and the “older elderly” in relationships among self‐concept connection, partner quality, trust, and commitment. For the younger elderly, how a brand is (based on trust judgments) seems to be more important. For the older elderly, what a brand does in its role as relationship partner becomes more relevant.     

Consumer Information,Insurance, and Doctor Shopping: The Elderly Consumer's Perspective

One possible strategy to minimize costs of health care is to provide consumers with information pertaining to its relative cost. However, the effectiveness of programs to dispense information on medical services has been difficult to evaluate because very little is known about incentives for doctor shopping. The demand for medical services information (doctor shopping) among elderly consumers and the effect of health insurance purchases on shopping decisions are assessed.     

Public Inputs in the Transportation Service Decision-Making Process

This paper presents an empirical investigation of willingness to participate in public meetings to provide consumer inputs for designing public transportation services. The low levels of interest in participation among elderly, low-income consumers and high levels of interest among consumers of specific transportation modes were critically evaluated.     

城市中年人非正式养老准备问题初探——对南京市白下区的调查

学术界对"中年人"群体的养老研究相对薄弱。提出了"非正式养老准备"的概念。通过对南京市白下区的抽样调查,从个人、家庭与制度等方面探讨了城市中年人非正式养老准备的状况。结果表明:非正式养老准备普遍缺乏;非正式养老准备在各群体间呈现多样化;城市中年人非正式养老准备的途径单一。     

医疗护理服务可及性对居家老人照料服务选择的影响研究——基于北京市的实证研究

利用课题组2018年在北京市的抽样调查数据,运用Logistic回归方法考察医疗护理服务可及性对居家老人照料服务选择的影响。结果发现,医疗护理服务的便捷性、可支付性与老人照料服务的选择显著相关。住所附近有医疗卫生机构、有提供上门护理服务的机构或是与家庭医生签约的老人,更倾向于选择社会照料服务;支付能力对照料服务的选择呈现"U"型效应:家庭支付能力较强或者经济自评相对不足的老人更倾向于选择社会照料服务。应通过优化医疗护理资源布局、建立并完善社会照料服务的价格机制等措施,推进高效、可持续的社会照料服务体系的构建。     

对未来中国养老照护需求的估计

应对人口老龄化国家战略将中期目标定位在2035年、长期目标定位在2050年,从现在开始到2050年只有30年的时间。应对人口老龄化中长期规划的落脚点应该放到老年人身上,目标是解决好老年人的养老问题,并围绕这一目标制定相应的体制和机制,构建养老服务体系,并制定规划。然而,制定规划的起点应该是了解和掌握现在到未来的养老需求。对未来中国人口和老年人口的规模和结构进行估计,在此基础上对未来需要照护的老年人规摸和结构进行估计,结合需要照护老年人的收入情况,估计了不同收入水平下需要照护老年人未来的变化情况,并对不同收入水平下需要照护老年人的特点和获得照护服务的方式进行了分析。     

Income differences among elderly in Malaysia: a regional comparison

Malaysian economic development, formally launched in 1970 through a series of 5‐year development plans, has tremendously improved the quality of life of its citizens. Unfortunately, varying degrees of regional development that lead to regional imbalances produce differential impact on different sets of population in each region. This is especially true for the poverty‐prone groups, which include the elderly, women and children. This study attempts to assess regional differences (between West and East Malaysia) in the well‐being of the elderly as indicated by the income inequality. Specifically, the objectives of this study are to identify sources of elderly income, to determine the mean monthly income and to examine elderly income disparity in the three regions of Peninsular, Sabah, and Sarawak in Malaysia. A total of 2327 elderly respondents were randomly selected nationwide using the stratified random sampling technique. The study indicated that generally, the income of the elderly in Malaysia is very low as most of them had received no formal education or had only obtained primary school education. In terms of income disparity, the elderly income distribution in Sabah showed an interesting pattern, whereby a high percentage of the elderly was clustered in the bottom 20 and top 20 percentile. However, the distribution of the elderly in Peninsular Malaysia was clustered around the bottom 40 percentile, the middle 60 and the top 40 percentile.     

Learned helplessness as an explanation of elderly consumer complaint behavior

Studies of consumer complaint behavior have shown that many elderly consumers are very reluctant to pursue their rights through the complaint process when they encounter problems with products or services. This passive complaint behavior may be very costly to the elderly, who often live on fixed incomes. This paper presents a theory developed in experimental psychology that may help explain why clderly consumers are more likely than other consumers to incur losses rather than engage in complaint activity. The theory, known as learned helplessness (LH), refers to a process whereby noncontingent reinforcement produces the expectation that events are uncontrollable.The theory of learned helplessness is presented and related to specific behaviors of dissatisfied elderly consumers that have been reported in the literature. Strategy implications of the theory are discussed for counselors, consumer affairs practitioners, and others interested in helping elderly consumers exercise their rights.Mary C. LaForge is currently Associate Professor of Marketing at Clemson University. She received her Ph.D. in Marketing from the University of Georgia. Her current research interest focuses on the behavior of the elderly as consumers.