强化计量管理促进节能降耗

计量工作是企业管理的基础,只有依靠科学的能源计量手段和管理方法,促进节能降耗,才是提高企业竞争力的必然选择.要根据计量检测数据的分析,探索合理的改进方案,进行技术改造,就能够使能源得到最大限度的利用,为企业获取最大的经济效益.     

Line-drying versus machine-drying: energy consumption comparison

The purpose of this study was to determine the physical energy utilized in machine-drying and the human energy utilized in line-drying with a standard test laundry load in order to demonstrate the benefits of making a trade-off between mechanized energy and human energy utilized in drying laundry. Comparatively, only a small amount of metabolic energy was utilized in line-drying. Line-drying laundry over an extended period of time, along with similar trade-offs with other household tasks to use more human energy and less mechanized energy, would save energy resources and would contribute to physical health by increasing exercise levels. All data collection occurred at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.     

Measuring product market efficiency: A new methodology

This paper proposes a new methodology to measure product market efficiency. Our approach is based on the economic theory of product market equilibrium where consumers have incomplete information, and it allows quality to be multidimensional. We illustrate the methodology and compare it with other methodologies including the data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based procedure of Kamakura, Ratchford, and Agrawal (1988). The empirical results show that our model is robust to the precise distributional form of the disturbance term. In addition, our efficiency estimates are always equal to or lower than the DEA estimates of efficiency.     

联合国世界旅游组织:改善酒店业能源效率

测量能源消耗,碳足迹(也叫碳排放)和提供可持续的投资潜力是能源工具包E-toolkit的关键组件,该工具包可能对旅游部门产生开创性的影响,帮助酒店减少二氧化碳的排放量,同时增加商业利润。酒店能源解决方案(HES)生态工具包将在HES第二届年度会议上展示,并以‘一个创新的酒店能源工具包'为题在2011西班牙国际旅游交易会(FITUR)上亮相。(2011年1月20日,西班牙,马德里)     

克罗地亚海关：服务效率衡量法

海关服务效率的维度国际关系和经济的剧烈变化、新兴科技的发展和公民社会的强化,已经不可避免地改变了社会和公共服务的关系,也改变了公共部门的责任标准。在这种情况下,海关当局作为国际贸易和货物流动的相关规范操作者,接受了更多重要、复杂的任务：首先应促进国际贸易和运输便利化,提高通关速度;此外应管理与控制供应链,保护社会经济。这些任务和世界商业体系的现行流程要求海关组织结构具有更多的弹性与灵活性,而高质量地计划和实行组织变革也已成为海关长期成功的基本要素。     

Product differentiation and consumption efficiency in mortgage markets

This study evaluates the outcome of non-price competition in the UK mortgage market. Developing a novel application of data envelopment analysis, DEA, within the banking literature, this study finds evidence of high consumption efficiency. Employing cluster analysis, the study provides additional evidence that efficient mortgages are available for borrowers across a broad range of market segments. The study also shows that these beneficial aspects of non-price competition are only available to borrowers who select mortgages based on rational measures of price. The discussion closes with guidance for policymakers.     

Environmental context in family resource management

Fundamental differences are described here between the environmental context of management within the private sphere of home and family, and management within the public sphere of government, political and business institutions. We articulate how management differs in the two spheres because of the unique rules and structural principles that govern each sphere, and because of the distinctive ends pursued in each sphere.     

Changing family structures and childhood socialisation: a study of leisure consumption

Abstract

How children learn to function as consumers has been extensively reviewed in the consumer and marketing literature, although early childhood (5 to 7 years of age) has received relatively limited attention to-date. This study examines this process specifically in relation to the role of socialisation agents. It questions whether parents/guardians, who have traditionally been acknowledged as the primary socialisation agents, retain this influence in an era of changing family structures. Leisure-travel provides the context for review with children aged 5–7 the research population. Findings confirm parental influence to be pivotal across different family structures, but note that, in some structures and circumstances, this influence is shared, particularly with grandparents and the leisure industry. Future research opportunities include the need to examine this shared role further, to investigate leisure industry awareness and response to their influence and to investigate further the implications of social class and ethnicity upon the findings.     

Predictors of consumption cutbacks in response to increased energy costs

Energy costs have increased at a more rapid rate than overall household costs in recent years. The effects of these increased costs upon families' consumption of goods and services, as measured by cutbacks in and across consumption categories and cutbacks in necessities, were studied in relation to three variables: (1) family income level; (2) perceived effect of energy cost changes upon life in the last five years (well-off); and (3) belief that energv consumption could be reduced by one-fourth in the next year. Family income level was significantly related in a negative direction to each measure of cutback in consumption. However, the well-off measure explained a greater percentage of the variation in consumption cutback measures than did income level.     

Perception of food safety and changes in food consumption habits: a consumer analysis

The relationship between seven types of food safety concerns and the corresponding change in food consumption habits of 236 households in Georgia, USA was evaluated. Results showed a gap between food safety concerns and food consumption habits. Gaps were particularly evident in the cases of pesticide residues, animal drug residues, growth hormones and bacteria. For example, more than 54% of sample households were extremely concerned about pesticide residues, but only 35% actually took extreme precaution in buying items considering this perceived threat. The study indicated that educating consumers about preventive methods to reduce food safety threats will lead to reduced concerns and changes in food consumption habits.     

加强零售终端管理：规范、效率、活力

对于烟草行业来说,零售终端,顾名思义是香烟销售渠道的最末端,是香烟到达消费者完成交易的最终端口,是商品与消费者面对面的展示和交易的场所,是。从商品到货币的惊心一跳。的跳板,是唯一实现。不是库存转移、而是真正销售。的场所。通过这一端口和场所,香烟生产厂家、商家将香烟卖给消费者,完成最终的交易,进入实质性消费。所以零售终端作为烘托烟草产品品味的舞台,建设并管理好他对烟草行业具有相当重要的作用。     

Residential energy consumption: Models of consumer behavior and their implications for rate design

This article illustrates the use of bounded rationality concepts in policy analysis. Specifically, we discuss reasons why we expect residential energy consumption to deviate from the utility-maximizing level when multiple-tier rate structures are in use. Then we construct a simple, predictive model of boundedly-rational household behavior which can be tested against a conventional utility-maximization model. Our model predicts that households will over-consume when facing increasing tier rates and under-consume when facing decreasing tier rates.We then discuss some of the policy consequences of this behavior. One consequence, given the kind of increasing tier structures that are common in the United States, is that the magnitude of the overconsumption for a household is plausibly 10 percent in the short-run and 50 percent in the long-run. Another consequence, if policy is constrained to increasing tier rates with constant total consumer subsidy, is that the most efficient of these is likely to have a lower first-tier price and quantity than would be the case without bounded rationality. Finally, we note that both the bounded-rationality model and the utility-maximizing model support the use of a two-part tariff rate structure over tiered rate structures for residential consumers.

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Energieverbrauch privater Haushalte: Modelle des Verbraucherverhaltens und ihre Implikationen für die Tarifgestaltung

Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag wendet das Konzept eingeschränkter Rationalität auf energiepolitische Zusammenhänge an. Es wird insbesondere erörtert, wie sich der Energieverbrauch privater Haushalte unter der Annahme eingeschränkter Rationalität von dem unterscheidet, wie er sich bei vollständiger Rationalität (Nutzenmaximierung) ergeben würde — vorausgesetzt, es gilt ein mehrfach gestaffelter Tarif. Die Autoren stellen ein einfaches Vorhersagemodell beschränkt rationalen Haushaltsverhaltens vor, das gegen ein konventionelles Nutzen-Maximierungsmodell getestet werden kann. Nach diesem Modell werden Haushalte bei progressiv gestaffelten Tarifen zu Überkonsum und bei degressiv gestaffelten Tarifen zu Unterkonsum tendieren.Anschließend werden einige politische Konsequenzen dieses Verhaltens diskutiert. Bei der Form progressiv gestaffelter Tarife, die in den USA üblich ist, ist eine Konsequenz, daß die Größenordnung des Mehrverbrauchs eines Haushaltes bei kurzfristiger Betrachtung bei 10%, bei längerfristiger Betrachtung bei 50% liegt. Wenn sich die Tarifpolitik auf progressiv gestaffelte Stufentarife mit konstanter Gesamtversorgung beschränkt, ist eine andere Konsequenz, daß die wirkungsvollste Tarifgestaltung bei beschränkter Rationalität einen niedrigeren Eingangstarif und eine niedrige Eingangsmenge fordert. Schließlich wird ausgeführt, daß sowohl das Modell eingeschränkter Rationalität wie auch das Nutzen-Maximierungs-Modell für einen zweistufigen Tarif anstelle eines mehrfach gestaffelten Tarifs spricht.

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Lee S. Friedman is Professor of Public Policy in the Graduate School of Public Policy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Karl Hausker is a staff Economist at the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Room 358, Washington, D.C. 20510, USA.The authors are grateful to the University of California Energy Research Group for its support of this research. They would like to thank Suzanne Scotchmer, the Editors, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments.     

External shocks and efficiency changes in the US airline industry

The US airline industry has experienced severe turbulence during the recent decade. The September 11 terrorist attack (9/11) was the greatest shock at the beginning of the 2000s. Recently, the dramatic increase in fuel costs emerged as another shock to the industry. To understand the effects of these two major events, this study investigated the cross-sectional efficiency of the US airline industry and its changes using the data envelopment analysis technique. The primary findings suggest that 9/11 affected the network carriers (NCs) more severely than the low-cost carriers (LCCs), while fuel costs more seriously influenced the LCCs than the NCs.